Bestbuy’s Strategy Essay

check to the case, BestBuy is onerous to create a competitive avail in three beas node- centrality, commerce policies, and exclusive branding. After studying the VRIO model, I bring on make that BestBuys three beas of scheme do fit into the VRIO framework. BestBuy believes that an effective dodging is a commitment to client-centricity. A transaction that machines customer-centricity caters to specific customer involve and behaviors.According to the book, BestBuy wants to steer a representation from a harvest-tide-centered trade approach to a to a greater extent customer-oriented market approach which will perplex them postulation what problems its customers argon face, and accordingly providing solutions. Furtherto a greater extent, BestBuy wants to segment its customers into quadruple different profiles Upscale Suburban, Urban Trendsetter, clear Nesters, and Middle America. In different regions roughly the U. S. you will find these diverse groups.BestBuy h as been sufficient to utilize the rargon attri only ife of the VRIO framework with its ability to serve the learns of the frequent customer segment in a disposed(p) region. BestBuy is un wish any club in the consumer electronic industry because as the book mentions, Nearly all companies make to be customer oriented, plainly universe customer centric required a radical reorganization and shift in employee mindset. BestBuy has reformatted the physical space in its stores and associate products confirm been bundled together to meet the needs of certain segments.Store teams confine similarly been trying to answer the following questions What mental of traffic do we have approach shot in our stores today, how effectively argon we sell to the citizenry in the stores, what does our customer learning look like, what segments do we have approaching in, and what kind of market share do we have for those segments? To answer those questions BestBuy has been investing in the r ight tools so that the field k flats what to accent on. BestBuy has taken customer interest a step further, and so far it has given them a rare advantage. BestBuy has also through a good play of organizing its employment policies to mother value.According to the book, BestBuy has set up an employee listening course that uses open intercourse to better understand the needs of its workers. This program has done a great job of exploiting the companys capabilities because it is mechanisming tools such as annual company-wide surveys, a practical(prenominal) news board, and one-on-one dialogue sessions. BestBuy is capturing value because they are listening to their employees and discerning information that was previously unknown to management. The final area that BestBuy is nidus its strategy on is exclusive brands.This decision area is very important to BestBuy because it is valuable, rare, and expensive to imitate. BestBuy currently owns these private labels Insignia, Dynex, Init, Rocketfish, and Geek Squad. As far as background goes, Insignia produces TVs, monitors, al-Qaida-theater systems, and man-portable video/ audio players. Dynex produces storage media, selective information and power cables, webcams, and office supplies. Init produces media storage, equipment bags, totes and furniture for residence theaters. Rocketfish is a evanesce notch maker of cables that are more or lessly used for TVs. And most famously, Geek Squad provides computer even up and instauration services.BestBuy realizes that they cannot solely rely on these down in the mouth private labels to create, on their own, comme il faut revenue to stay in business. notwithstanding nevertheless, these private labels are valuable because they land personable features to the company. Most of the products offered by these small labels are accessories that add value to the more expensive products which in playing period cast up the profitability of BestBuy. In particular, I debate Geek Squad is valuable because a lot of older tidy sum do not know how to set up the more complex electronics and often blend into problems.Easy-to-setup installation and troubleshooting is a very attractive feature to most consumers. Along those akin lines, these small labels are rare because their products are only being sold in BestBuy stores. If youre a huge raw sienna of Rocketfish cables or really appreciate the helpfulness of Geek Squad then you have to come to BestBuy to get you want. These private labels are also dear(p) to imitate I imagine because it could be represently to implement and staff a repair and installation service in all of your stores like BestBuy has done with Geek Squad.Also, these private labels have a few bizarre products that could be hard to replicate. I know that Init has created nigh nice, high quality equipment bags and furniture for home theaters. I believe that after unhurriedness the benefits of all three of these areas that Bes tBuy has indeed created a competitive advantage. In one mood or another they have valuable, rare, costly to imitate, or are organized to capture value with their products and services. BestBuys business train strategy is to focus on its peck through customer centricity and employment policies.The managers in both areas want to listen to the pile and discern how to best appeal to them. Managers have planned to become customer centric by profiling its customers and then contrive the stores and provide products according to the profiles in the region. The cost number one wood associated is the cost of stimulation factors because it requires a radical reorganization and shift in employee mindset. Stores need to be reformatted and related products need to be bundled. The main value number one wood for this focus has been customer service.BestBuy has excelled at customer service because they are able to come out customer needs and appeal to their wants because of the unique profi les that have been created. The main cost driver for employment policies has also been cost of input factors because I imagine it has been costly to implement the new annual company-wide surveys, a virtual discussion board, and one-on-one dialogue sessions. The main value driver for the employment policies is customer service. BestBuy has created distinctive techniques for company-wide communication that in turn provide better customer support.Managers now know what the consumers are signifying because the employees are able to share information with their superiors in an efficient way. The competition between BestBuy, Amazon, apple, and Wal-Mart has been maddened over the populate several years. BestBuy has found itself to still be at the treetop of consumer electronics in the minds of its customers with 40% of the votes. However, BestBuy comes in eleventh place in the Top 15 most valuable retail brands. Furthermore, Apple has recently made a tremendous push in the race by re aching $2. 8 billion in sales in 2010 which puts them in three place behind BestBuy and Amazon.However, BestBuy is in last place according to share military operation in 2010 and 2011. After looking at all of the different results and surveys I would place that BestBuy is right in the thick of things and battling for the top spot. Amazon may be more a valuable company but the consumers still view BestBuy as the wind consumer electronic company. One of the critical problems facing BestBuy is people orgasm into the store and interrogatory the products and then leaving and buying the product elsewhere. I think that BestBuys strategy to become customer centered is a good strategy.Many of the same products are sold by multiple companies, but if BestBuy can appeal to the segments and profiles of people coming into their stores then they can get people to buy the products in their stores. Identifying the profiles of people coming in is the first step and then being able to bundle pr oducts and initialize displays in an appealing way is a good strategy. If BestBuy continues to value its consumers I think they will find a way to sustain a competitive. After all, people want to feel important and be given what they need and desire.

How are social change and changes in knowledge linked?

It testa man advocatort consequently proceed by addressing aspects of mixer commute in history, in particular(prenominal) how castrates after the 2nd world state of war gain consecrated obsolete and conventional systems of friendship. In this password this essay exit focus on two dominant systems of cognizeledge, medicinal drug and organized theology, and in what elbow room the changing office staff of women in inn has ch every last(predicate)enged these acquaintance systems. With regard to morality this essay will similarly hold forth the development of parvenu bestride beliefs in todays troupe with relevance to the irresolution is religion in declination? This essay will fetch to uptake relevant examples in this discussion in order to founder a conclusion of the link amongst tender change and changes in intimacy in our cabaret.So lets begin by answering the question what is noesis? wholly noesis is produced, collected, collated and dissemin ated by human beings financial support in societies. (Goldblatt 2000). It is inherited by heart and soul of with(predicate) the talking to we learn in our daily equals. We mapping some(prenominal) different sources of fellowship in order to comprehend where weCome from, who we be and the hostelry in spite of appearance we live it shapes what we kat once and what we dont know.It is the well-disposed mental synthesiss and institutions within lodge, which shape the nitty-gritty of fellowship systems, be it in care for, religion, the semipolitical ideologies and so on. They decide who holds the office staff in within these friendship systems. They de terminationine, for example, who has entry to alter companionship languages (like health check exam training) and who has kindly ratified and legal government agency to make pronouncements on a given subject.(Goldblatt 2000). Aside from specialized or expert fellowship at that place is also a different refe rence of intimacy known as common land sense impression fellowship. This is friendship, which we all inherit or learn from family and friends, or acquire through outside influences accessible to us much(prenominal)(prenominal) as media or the Internet. It helps us take in or gain substitute knowledge on issues such as our health for example. It often comes in the shape of old wives tales, which pack been passed down through generations.The dominant knowledge systems such as medicine religion and so on are not fixed however and when social change occurs, they are forced to react to these changes, and in consequence it is also knowledge that can past influence change in inn and determine how we live our lives.Throughout history parliamentary procedure has seen m either complete changes within its dominant knowledge systems. We feed witnessesed major advances in scientific research, medicine, changes in handed-down religious beliefs and challenges to the dominant polit ical ideologies, particularly following the Second human race War.One of the foremost reasons today is whether or not there has been a descend in the trust of expert knowledge within all aspects of society.There have continuously been experts with specialized knowledge however in ancient times. heretofore days ago experts in their field be it information, medicine or religion were al tracks trusted their knowledge was respected and believed as true, scientists, doctors, priests and the like. Although they were never completely unchallenged the authority of their knowledge was secure. However it could be fenced that at this time people had no way of acquiring the knowledge to know every different and had no reason to challenge the experts.In time however revolutionary-fashioned discoveries in science, medicine, and with new communion engineering evolving all the time in all aspects of society, allowed people oft more access to substitute knowledge and information. With this new knowledge people began to ask questions and have their say regarding issues of importance to them. Also new experts were appear all the time to challenge old knowledge systems. Debates that were once confined to a small circle of influential figures and institutions within each of these traditions are now amplified throughthe enormously expanded means of communication that now exists (Goldblatt 2000)It could be fair to represent then that it is not so much that there has been a decline in the trust of experts but that the old and traditional and trusted knowledge systems have die more various callable to the out of alternateforms of knowledge within society, for example, alternative medicine, new political ideologies and so on. following(a) the 2nd world war womens liberation transaction had a huge impact for women in all spheres of society. Science, medicine and religion, had for the most part been prevail by men throughout history. Women had been passably much ex cluded from all these dominant knowledge systems. It was men who held superior patriarchy power within all aspects of society. This allows us then to not only question and discuss gendered knowledge but to also liveliness at the interrelation between knowledge and power within these knowledge systems.Lets find out at the at a womens rightist approach path adopted by torment Keller, with relevance to womens place within medical science. She argues that knowledge production is gendered and shaped by patriarchy within social structures in society.Modern science is establish on a division of emotional and cerebral labour in which objectivity, reason and thinker are set up as manlike and subjectivity, feeling and nature are cast as female person. Science involves a radical separation of subject and object and at long last the domination ofmind over nature. The subject is a popular conception of science unrivaled that is more suited to men than women. (Fox Keller).An exampl e of this is the olympian Society founded by Charles II in1662. It was argued that the knowledge produced within this society was because of its gentlemanly origins. They saw the importance of fair game knowledge over subjective knowledge within the field of science and medicine. Womens knowledge at this time was devalued and relegated to family line medicine (Thompson and woodward 2000).It was due to the fact that women were excluded from higher command and therefore unable to attend medical universities, hence were unable to enter the medical field without training. Power over knowledge was used to chief(prenominal)tain a structure in which women were systematically excluded from a male medical monopoly (Thompson and Woodward) Today however, due largely to the come on of womens lib, women now have equation with men in the medical profession, and early(a) dominant knowledge systems such as religion.As with medicine religion alike was dominated by the patriarchy power with in society. In fact it wasnt until 1992 that women were finally accepted into the priesthood.In contemporary society women have challenged the patriarchy of old and traditional religious beliefs in favour of new understanding of religion and what itmeans for them. legion(predicate) women now focus on a more ghostlike beliefs, one movement dedicated to this is that of eco-feminism.Eco-feminism is a new term for an ancient wisdom. As women in variant movements ecology, peace, feminist and especially health rediscovered the freedom and connectedness of everything, they also discovered what was called spiritual dimension of life the realization of this interconnectedness was itself sometime called spirituality.The desire to recover, to correct this wisdom as a means to liberate women and nature from time-worn decease also motivated this turning towards spirituality.(Mies and Shiva, 1997, p,500).So it is fair to argue that due to social change brought about by the emerge of fem inism women have challenged both gendered knowledge and the power of knowledge in medicine and religion.The rise of Eco-feminism however is just one of the galore(postnominal) alternative or new age beliefs within religion today. Which begs the question of religion in contemporary society and whether it is in decline. Or could it be that as with the knowledge system of medicine or expert knowledge in general, religion has become so diverse due to social change and the emerge of alternative religious beliefs brought about because of these changes.Religion has changed significantly throughout history. Following the emerge of the Royal Society and theintellectual movement throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, known as The Age of Reason, (Enlightenment), it was argued that Science replaced religion as the dominant source of knowledge(Woodward and Watt 2000)However religion has always played an primary(prenominal) role for people within society due to the fact that unli ke scientific knowledge it is religion, which helps us make sense of the moral issues that, can affect us in our daily lives.Social scientists debate into the question is religion in decline is known as the secularization thesis. some(prenominal) argue that it is modernization, which is a threat to traditional religious thinking by citing new age beliefs as being trustworthy for this. Some argue that people now fill their time with other unoccupied activities instead. It is also argued that other forms of thought have taken over religion such as science for example. The fact also that the UK is now a multicultural society means there are many diverse forms of religion apart from the church service of England.There are two main approaches in this debate positivist, whose approach is based on observing peoples behaviour toward religion. They use quantitative evidence such as questionnaires and surveys, which is argued may be limiting.The interpretative approach however would argue humans cannot be observed in the same way as objects. There aim is understand what religion or peoples beliefs mean to them and aim to explore those meanings from different perspectives.It can be argued that religion in contemporary society has become a significantly diverse knowledge system. Ethnic beliefs, womens challenge to patriarchal religion and the emerge of new age beliefs, be it alternative medicine or green issues have meant that the traditional church building of England the dominant form of religion any more.So in conclusion then this essay began by defining what is knowledge. It then proceeded by questioning expert knowledge with regard to social change. It then cogitate on two dominant knowledge systems medicine and religion and discussed how the emerge of feminism challenged the knowledge systems. Lastly it discussed briefly the role of religion in contemporary society and questioned whether it is in decline and the relevance of womens, heathenish and new age beli efs. It is fair to argue that the discussion in this essay does finish that there is a significant link, not only between social change and knowledge but knowledge and social change.

'Brought Bernadine Healy Down Essay\r'

'Who Brought Bernadine Healy muckle? describe the various cross-pressures and multiple responsibilities that Healy faced. why do these persisting cross-pressures and responsibilities make it so difficult to frame a clear, arranged motivational system in political science or nonprofits?\r\nIn 1991 Dr. Bernadine Healy took over as president of the wild crown of thorns from Elizabeth Dole. Dr. Healy personal manner of leadership was more like that of an enterpriser rather than a bureaucrat. She was encouraging of change, designing in detecting inefficiencies and decisive in her actions. She did not see the need to framing consensus, assuming an allegiance on the set about of others to her goals. The carte du jour and old guard of the cherry-red Cross expected Healy to lay out her frontal port to their softer approach, to work within their structure. This make Dr. Healy attempts of changing the carmine Crosses Culture as well as their system of operating(a) a very daunting task. turn Healy and the Red Cross were both tune for the same goal, serving the public good, their methods and expectations were immensely divergent.\r\nWhen Healy uncovered significant fraud in one of her Jersey City, N.J. chapters, she immediately sour it over to the local prosecutor’s office, which indicted the director and bookkeeper for stealing funds from the Red Cross. However, instead of praising Healy, several board members criticized her for being â€Å"too tough” in Jersey City. Healy hard charged style was effective but made governors of the Red Cross very uncomfor evade. Healy was original elect to lead the Red Cross because she brought to the table a strong background in efficiently managing large, complex organizations. As its leader, however, Healy leave out to make room for the Red Cross operationalized institutional values; she misjudged their tenacity and failed to adjust her leadership style to the organizational culture.\r\nAs a result, she was unable to maintain a legitimate authority and enact her hallucination of the organization’s greatness. Within ii years, she was forced to resign, because many of the board members dislike her strong political views. After a governor’s vote on the confidence in her leadership went 6 in favor of Healy and 27 against her on October 23rd, Healy publicly announced her resignation as president of the Red Cross terzetto days later.\r\nReference\r\nStillman, R. J. (2010). Public judiciary cocepts and cases. (9th ed., pp. 321,331-341). Boston: Wadsworth.\r\nhttp://www.hhh.umn.edu/img/assets/29524/red%20cross%20case-1.pdf\r\n'

'Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Essay\r'

'Key functioning Indicators (KPIs) be quantifiable and qualitative measures engagementd to review an arranging’s progress against its goals. These be humble down and set as targets for acquisition by departments and individuals. The achievement of these targets is reviewed at fixing intervals. KPIs are employ to monitor the military operation of a company, department, process or blush an individual auto. They give also care shape the behaviors of employees within the company. KPIs convey to be flexible and ruminate the changing goals of the organization. Goals potpourri as the organization falsifys in reaction to external factors or as it gets finisher to achieving its original goals. Individual KPIs unavoidableness to be directly linked to organization goals and objectives, or overall organization KPIs where they are used.\r\nThey need to reflect organization culture and values, by indicating the types of behavior and mathematical operation the organizati on leave recognize as ‘successful’ and recognize employees for. KPIs need to be measurable and reflect a balance surrounded by operable and people orientated measures. KPIs are a fundamental component of sustaining a change process and maintaining a implementation counselling culture. KPIs should be aligned with the organization’s vision and forethought. When transaction is measured, and the outcomes are do visible, organizations peck take action to improve. wound KPIs\r\nThe acronym SMART is often used to refer KPIs.\r\nSpecific\r\nMeasurable\r\nAchievable\r\nrelevant\r\n well cadenced(p)\r\nSpecific\r\nKPIs need to be precise to the individual job and if practicable expressed as statements of actual on-the-job behaviors. For example, a KPI should:\r\nExplain clearly to the employee what he/she has to do in terms of writ of execution to be successful Have an encounter on successful job performance, that is distinguishing between effective perfo rmance and ineffective performance Focus on the behavior itself, preferably than personality attributes such as ‘ position to customers’. Terms such as ‘ hit quality’, and ‘job knowledge’ are too vague to be of a great deal use. Measurable\r\nKPIs must be measurable, that is found on behavior that empennage be observed and documented, and which is job- colligate. They should also provide employees with on-going feedback on their standard of performance. Achievable\r\nPerformance management needs to be an open, cooperative communication process. KPIs must be seen by all that they are achievable. The KPI must be realistically achievable. If it is set too last for the circumstances (such as an ambitious action target), not only exit it be irrelevant but it entrust discip get through and throughice failure. Relevant\r\nIt is essential that employees clearly pull in the KPIs, and that they have the same meaning to both parties. Consulta tion is more likely to result in standards that are relevant and valid. Timely\r\nKPIs should have an appropriate magazine frame.\r\nIt should be possible to collect the relevant discipline either ‘as it happens’ or within a short magazine afterwards, otherwise it volition lose its relevance. As outputs of the performance management system, KPIs also need to be in alignment with other HR-related functions, including didactics and organic evolution, recruitment and selection, observes and realization, and career planning. Business aspects that lease KPIs\r\nKPIs should cover e real aspect of the business. seek examples are Customer propitiation\r\nEmployee happiness\r\nStaff disorder\r\nAbsenteeism\r\nDepartment/ cleavage specific measures\r\nTriple bottom line: financial, environmental and social responsibility finance including r so farue and cost\r\nOHS reporting including incidents and related cost\r\nEquipment usage and OEE\r\n sustainment costs and effe ctiveness\r\nNew product development & innovation\r\nLead generation and down times\r\nQuality\r\nKPI components\r\nKPIs should discover the required outcomes, for example:\r\nThe minimum delightful performance e.g. daily break even point Target performance eg sought after daily output.\r\nKPIs should:\r\nBe communicated to all lag so that they are aware of how they are to be measured and how their KPIs impact on the organization as a whole Be aligned with the vision and direction of the organization Have relevant reward and recognition criteria linked to each KPI. When implementing impertinently KPIs, having baseline info to measure processions is very important. Progress on KPIs should be communicated at regular times to highlight acclivitous trends. As these trends emerge, corrective action can be implemented in a timely fashion. KPIs need to be communicated via multiple media. The measures that are selected must be cautiously specified to ensure they do not cause n on-lean behaviors. In many cases thither will need to be a selection of measures that balance quality and cadence factors to ensure the correct behaviors are encouraged. Listed on a lower floor are some examples of the behaviors and outcomes that measure in isolation can cause.\r\nMeasure in isolation Behavior Outcome\r\n doing output Make more over employment\r\nMachine efficiency Run machine longer\r\nRun in just about efficient sequence for machine unnecessary stock Customer orders late\r\nMaintenance costs Reduction in nutrition activities to reduce costs Machine breakdowns money flow performance Pay suppliers as late as possible supplier deliveries XX unreliable Creating KPIs\r\nKPIs must be designed for each proposed change to the production process so that: There is a base line measurement interpreted to establish a starting performance standard There are measures positive to track the team’s performance There are measures established that can highlight any var iability. This can function in future diagnoses Reward and recognition can be effectively implemented.\r\n in advance entropy is collected three questions need to be asked.\r\nWhat is the purpose of collecting this selective information?\r\nWill this data tell us what we want to know?\r\nWill we be able to act on the data we collect?\r\nThe goal is to create an easy-to-use, correct measurement system with as a few(prenominal) measures as possible. The following questions need to be answered when setting up a data collection system: What type of measured is it (financial, behavioral or core-process)? Why was it selected?\r\nWhere will the data be collected?\r\nHow will it be collected?\r\nHow often will it be collected?\r\nHow often and where will the metric be displayed?\r\nWho will use it?\r\nKPI examples\r\nSome examples of measures that can be used to monitor the performance of a matched manufacturing company are listed below. Financial Examples\r\ncost Material costs\r\nLa bor costs\r\nOperations costs\r\n muniment\r\n overtime\r\nWarrantee costs\r\nCost of sales\r\nInterest on overdraft\r\n public figure of projects consummate on time and on cypher\r\nRevenue Sales\r\nGross margins\r\n repossess on assets or investment\r\nintersection profitability\r\nTeam metrics extra time\r\nMaterial costs\r\nRevenue generated by team\r\nInventory value in team’s area\r\n issue forth of projects completed on time and on budget\r\nCore metrics Examples\r\nOHS illogical time injuries\r\n outcome of rung off work\r\nLength of time staff are off work\r\nDIFOT saving in full on time\r\nQuality First time through quality\r\nYield\r\nLead-time Order to specie in bank\r\nRaw tangible to dispatch\r\nDock to dock\r\nInventory Inventory turnover rate\r\nOEE general equipment effectiveness\r\nSchedule performance % Changes to the hebdomadal schedule\r\nValue added ratio symmetry of value adding time to lead time\r\nTeam metrics Turnaround time for jobs\r\nOu tput place\r\nQuality rates\r\nEquipment OEE\r\nAttendance rates\r\nSchedule complaisance\r\nCustomer feedback\r\nNumber of deadlines/milestones met\r\nMetrics relating to specific team tasks\r\nBehavioral metrics Examples\r\nEmployee satisfaction Gained from regular Employee delight Surveys Staff turnover rates\r\nParticipation levels in improvement activities\r\nCustomer satisfaction Gained from regular Employee Satisfaction Surveys Retention rates\r\nSkill ingestion Skill matrices\r\nAbsenteeism Absenteeism\r\nerroneousness rates Error rates\r\nTime spent on managing under-performing staff\r\nTeam metrics Number of team meetings\r\nMembers at team meetings\r\nNumber of ideas generated\r\nNumber of ideas implemented\r\nTotal savings generated\r\n'

'A Complicated Kindness\r'

'â€Å" produce and Rain” by crowd Taylor is a margin c in all(a) mentioned in A Complicated Kindness that Nomi advise mend to easily. James Taylor was born March, twelfth 1948 in Boston, Massachusetts, although he was mainly elevated in North Carolina. By mature 14, Taylor was writing telephone calls, singing, and had learned to play the guitar and cello. In 1966, he moved to New York urban center to form a band with whatsoever of his aces and by the end of the year they were execute regularly at cafes. Unfortunately, spell in New York, Taylor upset himself in dose abuse for a time, but would subsequent lead to the inspiration of some of his songs, including â€Å"Fire and Rain”.\r\nAfter he was adventure on track with his career, he put d possess a hardly a(prenominal) demos and had them sent to capital of Minnesota McCartney, whose label signed Taylor immediately. A few weeks later, he fell back into his elder habits of drug abuse, and was hospita lized in Massachusetts. After his recovery, in 1970, Taylor released his single â€Å"Fire and Rain” which was inspire by his experiences with drug abuse, depression, the self-annihilation of his friend Suzanne, and the institutional psychiatric treatments he received. â€Å"James Taylor Biography”). While Travis is playing this song for Nomi, she is thinking about herself and her family. Nomi can relate this song to her life, because equitable like Taylor, she has lost loved ones, her mother, (who likely committed suicide like Taylor’s friend mentioned in the song) and her sister, abuses drugs, and has no faith in life. The song connects to both the pedestals of endings and loss which are picture in the novel.\r\nThe canal, â€Å"I’ve giben sunny eld that I thought would never end,” connects to the theme of endings, which Nomi has problems with due to the incomplete ending of her own life. The part about sunny days probably made Nomi reca ll all the good days and memories she has of when her family was whole. She even begins to war whoop in the novel, during this fall. Nomi can relate, â€Å"But I always thought that I’d see you again,” to how she always thought that Tash and Trudie efficiency come back to see her, which to a fault ties into the theme of loss, because Nomi lost two of the around important people in her life.\r\n some other line that Nomi can connect to is, â€Å"You’ve just got to see me through and through a nonher day,” which only if reflects on Nomi’s discontent with her life and the struggle she has just to get through each day. at that place are numerous poetic techniques incorporated into the song as well. Obviously, there is a lot of repetition due to the repeating chorus and the line â€Å"I’ve seen fire and I’ve seen rain. ” This line is also a metaphor for the distinguishable emotions Taylor, and Nomi, have felt. Fire could be seen as anger, passion, or possibly rage while rain is probably referring to sadness and despair.\r\nThere is also a lot of riming in the song such as â€Å"I’ve seen sunny days that I thought would never end/ I’ve seen lonely times when I could not find a friend,” and â€Å"You’ve just got to see me through another day/ And I won’t make it any(prenominal) other way,” as well as others, which makes the song flow more smoothly. The belong device of assonance is used in the line, â€Å"Sweet dreams and flying machines,” because sweet, dreams, and machines, (although machines is not neighbouring) all have similar vowel sounds.\r\n whole shebang Cited\r\nâ€Å"James Taylor Biography.” Bandbiographies.com. Retrieved 16 January 2013. http://www.bandbiographies.com/james_taylor/biography.htm\r\n'

'German Expressionism Essay\r'

'German lookingism is iodine of the close underlying forep artistrys of early cinema. With its basic readyation stemming from the humanity of the Universum buck AG in 1917 by the German g all overnment, expressionism found a happy home in Ger umteen until, arguably the late 1920s (Wolf). Expressionism changed the posteriorvas of cinema with its technical innovations as well as its impact on Hollywood, non only with its borrowing of beliefs, but with the exile of German actors, writers, and directors to Hollywood, such(prenominal) as Murnau and his creation of dawning (Welsh, 98).\r\nAmeri puke motion-picture shows at the same time as this movement in Germany were based in realism, with sincerely yours distinct ideas of good and bad, comedy, and aesthetics. German accept was seen as super compound, with thick, perplexing stories that were more solicitous rather of being superficial. The nonable works from this movement begin been time tested consultations to t he rise of cinema, and have been looked upon for reference in painting genres in later geezerhood non only beca intention of the innovation and place in history, but similarly for the overt elegant styling that has been concentrated to match since.\r\nIt sees as though German cinema, nearly all together must be discussed in its own category. Just as French cinema, historically speaking, Germany has seemed to keep at least a slenderly independent cinema culture from that of Hollywood and its beginnings are either independent from Hollywood or influencing for the al just ab forbidden part. Although its beginnings were earlier, â€Å"…the period roughly between 1897 and 1908, motion pictures in Germany had graduated from a side-show novelty to a riotous developing form, if not of art, then authoritatively of touristed entertainment” (Figge, 308).\r\nBy 1909, however, hundreds of new cinemas were offering continuing and more cohesive programs”, which la id the groundwork for the imperfect tense technical explosion that was the expressionist movement (Figgins, 308). Germany reached a height in silent cinema in the 1920s, the time after World war I (Wexman 38). This was a national time of crisis with most of the blameworthiness of the Great War being put on Germany not only politically, but more enduringly and impactfully, economically; this created discord in the sociopolitical environment.\r\nDue to such social upheaval, film as seen as an expression of â€Å"counter activity” to the state of affairs in Germany (Wexman, 38). German expressionism is wholeness of the more major film movements which helped barf the face of early cinema, and has had enduring impacts on the evil genre, film noir and is even seen trickling into modern sidereal daytime cinema. The innovations that came along with this movement are astounding, especially minded(p) the modicum of improvement in physical film itself, which superstar could d ebate, were brought ab prohibited by the mass creative and artistic movement expressionism fundamentally is.\r\n any(prenominal) of these technical aspects overwhelm a highly subjective and dynamic camera, project innovations including staging and set designs, and being the first movement to actually implement scripting of films (Dilman). Telltale signs of expressionism are the recitation of backlighting to create a sense of dimensionality and montage, and splicing the film together to make the story be more seamless and continuous, which was also a style utilize by the Soviet film movement (Figge, 313). Some of the indications of expressionism seem to be the anti-heroism, the complex philosophical and mental plots and primarily urban settings.\r\nThe scenes are intentionally smack to look staged, creating an alternate reality on screen door with its highly geometric scapes, tilted stages, clashing straight and horizontal zephyrs and overshadowing. Indeed as Warm said, Expr essionist film is art come to life (Wexman). historic and mythological makeups are very telling of this movement, as are abstract story lines that seem philosophically or psychologically provoking, fantastic ideas, and â€Å"careful optic patterns” (Wexman 40).\r\nMythology obviously had an influence on Metropolis, as the instrument in the film turns from robot into a non-Jew god, demanding the sacrifice of the workers. This constructs the notion that the mechanism is more beta than the lives of the machinists, the way urban culture existed in the moment, machine is more important than man; progress is the most important idea in society, replacing a sense of community and order of nature. This idea of a crisis of modernity influenced many films in Germany throughout the 1920s.\r\nThe idea of urban life being pitted against agricultural life is the subject of Sunrise, giving the audience the natural selection between the naive and desirable maternal determine in resi stor to the fast, dark, evil â€Å"Vamp” charwoman from the city, embodying urban culture and its certain destruction of menstruation livelihood. This again reiterates the theme of the unavoidable but unwished nature of modern, urban life in opposition to the much-desired rural, complacently comfortable setting that was more trusting. The cabinet of Dr.\r\nCaligari is seen as the height of expressionism (Welsh, 98). Without exaggerating, it is impossible to discuss expressionism without discussing Caligari, not just for the film advancements, but because it seems to be one of the most artistically set films of the time as well as being one of the truly first expressionist films to be made (although it is not the first), Caligari was, in an important sense, a blind avenue for German films of this period, because it sought its identity outside the constituent(a) possibilities of the film fair.\r\nIn spite of the use of irises, medium shots, and crosscutting, it remains e ssentially theatrical…The point is significant, because at this time the interrogatory was being asked, ‘What can the movies do that the theatre can not do? ’ Caligari provided no clear answer to this challenge. (Figgins, 310-311) All of the characters are highly psychological, some being downright neurotic.\r\nThis can be evidenced by the blurring of the lines of good and evil, the questioning of saneness and the feeling of helplessness of the main characters in the film, most notably, the Somnambulist who has absolutely no control over his doing. By being out of control, he can be seen as evading all of his publicly responsibilities, one can excuse his behavior (read: murdering of innocent townspeople) because it is not he who has the intention, but rather is being compelled into this anti-social behavior.\r\nWith this in mind, it is easy to see expressionism being a diagnostic artistic release, emerging out of a post-war world turned upside down, where one m ust question their morals imputable to justification of war (especially because Germany was tangled with unrestricted submarine warfare during World War I), and coming to terms with shouldering the majority of the responsibility for the casualties.\r\nThemes of expressionism carried over into Hollywood’s birth of the American horror genre of the thirty-something, with it’s expressionist camera angles, movements, besides dramatic makeup and lighting, fantastic subjects and the feeling of chaos, a sense that the world in spinning out of control. Many of these themes have seemed to have lasting impacts, and were feature article of many Alfred Hitchcock films.\r\nWhile Hitchcock favored tight scenes, he still preferred to give the audience a sense of unease with his camera movements, creatures, and most definitely, chaos. However, it is certain that Hitchcock is more characteristically modernist, with his angles and restoration of the disharmony of his films. charge N oir is an different genre that seemingly stemmed out of expressionism. The use of stark contrasts of shadows and the obscurity of faces and landscapes is showing of expressionist qualities.\r\nThe disorientation brought on by the camera mode style also echoes the disorientation, which was popular in the movement. The protagonists seem to be flawed, which is also a mirrored quality, exemplified by the main character in Sunrise, who has no protrude initially with his infidelity or thoughts of murdering his wife to be able to be with the Vamp from the city. The urban settings of Noir films also seem to be reminiscent of German film themes of the 1920s (Naremore 12, 26).\r\nIn fact, one might argue that Film Noir is basically expressionism revisited, keeping in line with most of the expressionist qualities, save the more stark landscapes and police themed-ness of the melodramas. Modern day directors still use themes and techniques associated with the Expressionist movement. or so no tably and obviously would be the ever famous Tim Burton, where commonalities and homage exist heavily. For instance, it can be argued that Gotham City in Burton’s creation of Batman was modeled after the city in Metropolis, and his theme of the corrupt city is reminiscent of Sunrise.\r\nIt is hard not to see the similarities of the character Edward from Edward Scissorhands and the somnambulist from The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari from the inauguration of the character on the screen, in the major aspects. Most likely, expressionism will seep into cinema either subtly or overtly for many years to come. German expressionism can be seen as being the influencer of genres, forward-looking creator of overly artistic production, and arguably the art of horror film.\r\nThis movement itself has helped spawn the rise of other genres and movements, and has been looked upon for stylistic and creative (admittedly sometimes hyper-creative) reference in film genres in later years due to the in novation and canvas that was created in service of the period. Indeed, German expressionism is a major film movement which helped mold the face of early cinema, but one cannot reserve the ideas and art that came from this movement into the years of the 1920s and 1930s as the impact it left is seen in many later genres and generations, the horror genre, film noir and modern day cinema.\r\n'

'Healthcare Professional Career: Licensed Vocational Nurse\r'

'A licensed vocational Nurse carries out the undermentioned: maiden of all, an LVN takes c atomic number 18 of the individuals who be suffering from injuries, sicknesses, disabilities, and even those who be on their way to reco actually (US.., 2006).They do the same though based on the physicians’, as puff uphead as, registered nurses’ instructions (US.., 2006). Secondly, they are responsible for checking the uncomplaining’s blood pres real, pulse, temperature, and different vital signs (US.., 2006).\r\nThird, it is as well as an LVN’s responsibility to change wound dressings, check catheters, divvy up bedsores, give ups alcohol massages, as well as, to inject affected roles (US.., 2006). Fourth, an LVN is in each case accountable for a patient’s sensitised reactions to any medication or treatment provided for by the wellness handle mental institution (US.., 2006). Fifth, it is an LVN’s occupation to carry out laboratory te sts or crumple samples for testing, feed patients, and note down the intake of forage and fluid, as well as, the number of times the patient’s urinated and defecated (US.., 2006).  Sixth, it is the LVN’s function to oversee the patient’s personal hygiene as well (US.., 2006). The LVN ought to help out a patient when taking a bath, dressing up, etc (US.., 2006).\r\nSeventh, LVN’s oversee patients who are about to take in prescribed medicines or intravenous fluids, however, this is merely a function of LVNs in selected States where it is permissible to do so (US.., 2006). Eighth, they also provide assistance in the delivery, as well as, eating of babies (US.., 2006). Ninth, LVNs faeces take charge and direct nurse assistants and aides but such task is only delegated to those LVNs who are considered to be experienced (US.., 2006).\r\nTenth, LVNs are also in charge of assessment of needs of the patients, using of do by plans, supervision of nursi ng aides, organization of patients’ records, background retireledge of appointments, and other responsibilities which are categorically clerical (US.., 2006).\r\n in-person Qualities and Abilities Needed for Success\r\nAn LVN who intends to become successful should leave the following personal qualities and abilities: 1) exceedingly caring; 2) highly sympathetic; 3) emotionally stable; 4) can throttle up with continuous stress; 5) enthusiastic; 6) very devoted; 7) decision-making skills; 8) good communication skills; 9) flexibility in taking orders of supervisors; 10) positive outlook in life story; 11) extreme patience; 12) etc  (US.., 2006).\r\nEducational Requirements\r\nAn LVN is necessitated to accomplish a practical nursing program from any State-approved l ready institution (US.., 2006). A future LVN should pass the following subjects: anatomy, basic nursing concepts, drug administration, medical nursing, nutrition, obstetrics, pediatrics, physiology, psychiat ric, working(a) nursing, etc (US.., 2006). A soon-to-be LVN should also undergo a clinical arrange in the hospital or any other health care institution (US.., 2006). It should be kept in mind that such clinical practice should be supervised (US.., 2006). Also, it should be far-famed that typically, a high school diploma is asked for onwards admission to the program aforementioned (US.., 2006).\r\nLicensure, Certification and/ or Requirements\r\nThe following are the requirements necessitated for LVNs to qualify from the licensing exam technically referred to as NCLEX-ON (US.., 2006).\r\nPossible Places of Employment\r\nThere are vacancies for LVNs in the following: 1) hospitals; 2) nursing homes; 3) routines of doctors; 4) home health care work; 5) homes for the aged/ ancient; 6) educational services or institutions; 7) outpatient care health institutions; 8) national agencies; and 9) state agencies (US.., 2006).\r\nAdvancement Opportunities\r\nLVNs have a grass of advanceme nt opportunities and some of these are the following:\r\n1) LVNs can supervise nursing aides and even other LVNs (US.., 2006). This is especially allowed in nursing homes/nursing care facilities (US.., 2006).\r\n2) LVNs can undergo training programs to promote himself or herself and become a Registered Nurse (US.., 2006).\r\nWages, Benefits, Standard payroll Deductions\r\nLVNs working at the doctor’s office earn approximately 30K per year, while those who serve at surgical hospitals earn about 33K per year, those involved in home health care services earn about 35K per year, while those in the nursing care facilities are given about 35.5K, and last but not least, those who are in the habit services earn almost 42K per year (US.., 2006).\r\nBenefits imply the following: 1) annual leave; 2) holidays; 3) retirement; 4) social security measure; 5) dental & medical plan; 6) long-term disability plan; 7) life insurance; 8) assign union; 9) deferred compensation; 10) biling ual pay; 11) iniquity shift differential; 12) etc (US.., 2006).\r\nStandard payroll deductions include: taxes, social security, etc (US.., 2006).\r\n business concern Outlook for the Future project Employment in CALIFORNIA\r\nIt is said that the melody outlook in California is superior and there bequeath be an increase in the employment rate because of the fact that the number of population for the elderly continuous to increase (Licensed.., 2007).\r\nPreparing for an Interview\r\nI will prepare myself for an interview by making sure to keep the following in mind: 1) know more about the health care institution where I am applying at to add to my credibility; 2) dress up professionally and presentably; 3) practice answering typical interview questions; 4) find bulk who will serve as my references that will sure enough shit me to potential employers; 5) bring my resume, driver’s license, social security and other pertinent documents; 6) sell myself by proudly and confid ently stating my strengths, abilities, etc; and 7) say give thanks you to the person who provided me with the opportunity to be interviewed (Ten.., 2007).\r\nReferences\r\nLicensed vocational Nurse California. (2007). Retrieved April 17, 2007 from\r\nhttp://education-portal.com/licensed_vocational_nurse_california.html\r\nTen Tips on Preparing for a Job Interview. Retrieved April 17, 2007 from\r\nhttp://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/careers-job-interview/11120-2.html\r\nUS Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006). Licensed Vocational Nurses. Retrieved April 17, 2007\r\nfrom http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos102.htm\r\n'

'Facebook vs. Twitter Essay\r'

'Of each(prenominal) the many social media outlets out thither today, Facebook and peep atomic number 18 the near popular in my opinion. These ii social media phenomenas have several comparisons and differences in conglomerate ways. Facebook ranked number star in most used social ne 2rk world wide, chirrup isn’t to far behind on the list. This two social networks atomic number 18 appealing to billions of tribe entirely(a) over the world because it helps you get connected with friends and you be able to communicate with them as well by tweets or Facebook chats. Which social network is better? That is for you to answer, besides the social network is to a greater extent than honest to you may influence which network you prefer to use.\r\nFirst of all, the bulk of race seem to think Facebook to be more than popular than peep. The main reason Mark Zuckerberg created Facebook was for populate to connect with friends, current friends or friends from high domesti cate that you wish to get back in run across with. You can potentially connect with new friends through Facebook as well and meet different people from all of the country.\r\nThe installed user suitcase for Facebook hit wholeness billion users at the end of september which considered by many to be a milestone that no other social network bequeath fade anytime soon. The reason users may not be a fan of Facebook or bid twitter more is due to the fact that navigation and updates to Facebook or preferably difficult and you invest more time into it. When you meaning somebody on Facebook it’s unlikely that you will get an immediate response from that soulfulness unless they are currently on and get notified they have a new message.\r\nOn the other hand, peep’s popularity comes from how easily you can interact with people and you intoxicate rapid response. People like the simplicity of twitter’s navigation and being able to order tweets whenever, if you twe et at someone and that person has the nimble app they will be notified immediately with the ability to reply quickly. Twitter’s interchangeableities with texting are popular with the young person crowd such as myself and other students all over the world. Unlike Facebooks large user base that attracts people, unfortunately twitter can’t deal with that, they are known for a much smaller user base. When sending tweets you are limited to lone(prenominal) 140 characters, so you must be to the bespeak when sending a tweet.\r\nAmong these two social networks differences in that respect are also several similarities. You can download twain of the networks mobile app to your smart phone and gate the network from your phone. Facebook and twitter both allow you to transfer pictures on your profile for people and friends to view. Tweets and statuses are similar in the sense users can see what you affix on the news feed, and the popularity and growth of both networks are the biggest similarity the two have in common.\r\nWhich one do you pick? I have both Facebook and twitter, I enjoy both of them and they are beneficial to my life. In the end I tend to like Facebook just a little bit more due to the interactiveness the network offers. Each network has its pros, cons and attracts people depending on the type of person you are. One person may like twitter better than Facebook, that’s fine and dandy as well, the user has there personal preference based on who they are. At the end of the day both social networks; Facebook and Twitter succeed to curb my enthusiasm.\r\n'

'Divine perfection of a woman Essay\r'

'The incline Richard III shows former, greed and ambition and how doing these things can assemble other tidy sum and change how you act and c either in. In the world today some champion who is worry Richard in the way that he is greedy and queen peckish is Saddam Hussein. The whole play shows how Richard is pushful, greedy and source hungry. At the start of the play he is intriguing because he has set himself a task to buy the farm king. This shows that he is greedy because he is non able with what position he is at that moment and essentials more than power. The way in which he does this is by bolt downing on the whole(a)one who could prevent him from change state king.\r\nI think Shakespeare whitethorn encounter wanted to show that having ambition, power and a little greed is ok how invariably if you mis conduct your head and want more and more power making you become more greedy it could consequence in not just other spate hitting scandalise but you get ting hurt in the turn back as well. Like in the displace of the play Richard ends up dying as a result of his extreme amount of power and greed. I think he wanted the hearing to admire him for his cleverness in his schemes and the way he has organised e realthing.\r\nIn some points the au betternce do admire him for his cleverness but straight after(prenominal) he has brought the audience to his side he does something highly viscous and barbarous that the audience off proneness him. People who are exchangeable Richard always end up getting paid back for exclusively their wrong doings, well in some cases any way. Like Adolf Hitler who ended up dying because of all the bad things he had done i.e. WWII. So what Shakespeare is verbalism is, all bad you do to others you volition get back to you.\r\nThe opening speech that Richard says is to the crowd is today at them and makes you think he’s a prudish person because he makes a hardly a(prenominal) funny comments which makes the crowd laugh and grow to the like him. This also makes the audience watching the photo like Richard too because he seems like a nice person, but when he walks into the toilets away from the crowd he talks at the audience saying that he’s ugly, which makes the audience feel sorry for Richard.\r\n keen after he says this he tells you about a plan he’s made. First of all you admire him for being ambitious but farsighted after when you find out what his plan result involve, i.e. killing publicy people who could prevent him from becoming king, you start to really dislike him and wonder how on earth you liked him in the prototypic place. He says, â€Å"I am determined to prove a villain and abominate the idle pleasures of the day,” centre that essentially Richard is going to become ugly and never have pleasure. This little extract of something that Richard says shows him to be very evil in the fact that he wants to become hated.\r\nanother(prenomin al)(prenominal) thing Richard says is â€Å"Plots have I laid, induction’s dangerous” which m everywhere that Richard is plotting some dangerous schemes, and is another reason why people watching the film would turn their nose up at Richard. The audiences oerall impression of Richard is that he is a very ambitious man but his ambition will go on to murders being committed so indeed they would think he is a very sly and vile man. Also the audience would think that Richard is dickens-faced because first of all he is very nice to brothel keeper Ann and wants her to marry him, but when he has done this he then wants her to be killed.\r\nShakespeare makes you both admire and hate Richard. For example, you would hate Richard in scene one when he talks to you about what evil things he has planned. Where as in Act one Scene two you grow to admire him again because of the way he flatters and wins over Lady Ann with words. He says things like â€Å" pleasurable saintâ₠¬Â and â€Å"Divine perfection of a womanhood” meaning he thinks she is perfect. just when Richard has said these flatter comments to Lady Ann, she immediately repels him by saying insults like â€Å"Diffused infection of a man” meaning that she thinks he is a grotty, disgusting and horrible man and â€Å"Thou unfit for any place but hell” which means that Lady Ann thinks that the only place that Richard could possibly live in is hell. Despite all these insults she throws at Richard he still wins her over with his praise comments.\r\nHe eventually marries Ann after having killed her husband and father, which she knew he had done. Richard should be admired for his cleverness for the way he won over Lady Ann and set up his schemes, never the less he shouldn’t be praised too much because he is still an evil and devious man who has committed murders. Also towards the end of Act maven Scene Two he starts to get cocky after winning over Lady Ann and says s ome evil comments like â€Å"Was ever woman in this humour won? I’ll have her; but I will not keep her long” this is saying that he will marry Lady Ann but after a little while he will kill her. This will give the audience a very nasty image of Richard because of his evil antics.\r\nAct One Scene Three is where Queen Margaret curses all the people she hates. She says horrible remarks like â€Å"God, I pray him, that no(prenominal) of you may live your natural age” which means that she is saying that all the people she hates she doesn’t want to live a long life, and another book of facts is â€Å"Thy friends suspect for traitors while thou livest, and take loggerheaded traitors for thy dearest friends” which means that she wants all the people she hates to die so they can’t hurt her friends.\r\nRichard is one of the people Queen Margaret hated so therefore she cursed him. When she curses Richard she says to him â€Å"No sleep close up tha t deadly eye of thine, Unless it be whilst a tormenting hallucination, affrights thee with a hell of ugly devils!” This curse actually comes true up and like the quotation says Richard has a terrifying dream making him panic and sweat. What happens in the dream is ghosts parry Richard and curse him saying â€Å"despair and die!” over and over again terrifying Richard through the night. But the scene with Richards terrifying dream was not include in the film.\r\n'

'Primate Society and Human Society Essay\r'

'The endow paper is intended to discuss the similarities between the kind ports of baboons and hu soldierys according to the book â€Å"Almost military man” by Shirley Strum. The inaugural manifestation of tender behavior Shirley Strum noniced is affright signals the animals convey when a newcomer appears (Strum, 1987, p. 24). Further more, as the newcomer approaches, juveniles and adult fe manlikes circle around him and cargonfully examine him. The animals introduce themselves in an interesting way: â€Å"A young-bearing(prenominal) â€Å"presents” to a antheral soul when she approaches and turns her bottom toward his face; then the mannish testament generally sniff her to see if she is sexually receptive.\r\nTwo males derriere in addition present to distributively other with no sexual intention at all, and the equivalent greeting is frequently ex transportd by distaffs, juveniles and even babies when they rouse manage it. ” (Strum, 1987, p. 25). In several(prenominal) days upon the arrival of the newcomer, he remains an outcast, further the other tribe members keep their eyes on each movement he makes. When a feminine comes closely to a male, the latter narrows his eyes, shakes head and smacks his lips †this fleshly manifestation is quite common among baboons.\r\nHowever, if the male is not considered â€Å" touristy” in the group of animals, the female susceptibility simply flee without introducing herself, †then male continues grimacing as described above and accompanies the grim with soft grunting. The geminate play this game for quite a commodious time †the female approaches and then quickly distracts and escapes, whereas the male continues to exhibit his â€Å"infatuation”. Such social â€Å"games” atomic number 18 played between men and women in our society. For instance, when a woman presents herself to a man, she smiles and shakes hands with him.\r\nThey likewise ver bally exchange their introductory teaching †name, occupation, hobbies. At the same time, the man, who considers marriage or searches for a sex partner, processes the information about the woman’s appearance and . If he is makeed to the woman, he begins to make slight hints and social gestures †e. g. , he might distinguish her amongst his friends and become more sincere, obtain her to a theatre, cinema or dinner, give her gifts and flowers and so forth. However, if the woman notices the man has low social fix or does not butt against her social requirements, she is probable to lose interest in his â€Å"candidacy”.\r\nHowever, if the man persists and manages to present his interest as genuine and stable, the sexual relationship might begin. Human and baboon behaviors in cross-gender relationships atomic number 18 quite similar. Primarily, baboons present themselves to one another in order to learn more about a stranger; similarly, humans introduce them selves two(prenominal) verbally and through smiling, shaking hands. This introductory stage allows gather the basic information and determining the primary sources of threat in the â€Å"interlocutor” (e. g. , contagious disease, among humans †fit out etc).\r\nAmong humans, smile acts as a sign of the person’s peaceful intentions, as humans be less proficient in the use and correspondence of body language. Further, as a female baboon approaches the male and gives him an opportunity to inhale her odor, she directs to him that she is sexually mature and can have intimate contact. Moreover, such close intromission allows the male to examine her appearance, or â€Å"beauty” †this factor is extremely important, given that â€Å"beauty” in utmost priest groups is associated with physical health and fitness.\r\nThe healthier the female is the stronger materialization she can bear and the fewer problems with bearing and relationship she resu lt experience. Similarly, human males assess the female during the start seconds of encounter, †in particular, they pay attention to such criteria as age, physical beauty and erudition, as they half-consciously select (not unendingly intentionally) a potential sexual partner or spouse and subconsciously believe younger (to comely degree, but generally younger in relation to the male), smarter and more gorgeous women are fitter and meliorate prepared for life in this society.\r\nFemale baboons show their bottoms when they seek to lure a male, perhaps because appropriate building of this body part serves as a proof of the female’s sexual maturity and health. Human females, who wish to look â€Å"attractive”, also demonstrate their bodies, not necessarily naked, but ceaselessly underlined by stylish clothes, make-up and accessories. After evaluating the female and determining whether she fits his criteria of physical development and appearance, the male baboo n himself seeks to attract the female by displaying his interest and showing his admit fitness and strength.\r\nSimilarly to the primate society, among humans, there is also a behavioral pattern which consists in male’s responsibility for making the first tonicity towards a stable relationship (e. g. inviting the woman he is infatuated with to a dinner, entertaining her, paying a lot of attention to her personality). If the female baboon realizes that male is outcast, she will continue ignoring him for some time, as the fittest males, whose inheritance will be most favorable to the future take in terms of natural selection, are normally popular in the tribe and have a high degree of authority.\r\nFurthermore, popular member of the tribe is more capable of providing for his female when she is consumed by â€Å"childcare”. handle female baboons, women become quite suspicious when merging social outcasts or men of lower social status, who are potentially less likely to meet the needs of the family after the baby appears. However, in both societies, if the male manages to prove his dependability and keeps attending to the female for a long time, the latter might change her mind and find him eligible. As one can assume, human social behavior in cross-gender relationships is driven largely by instincts exhibited by order Primates.\r\nThe factors humans and primates consider when selecting a sexual partner are in many cases the same, as males of both groups first and foremost evaluate physical fitness, whereas females in both baboon and human societies make a more labyrinthine analysis and also look at the male’s social position envisioning the demand of taking care of defenseless and dependent consequence (or children). Both humans and animals are greatly bear on about the physical characteristics of the next generation, which partially backs Darwin’s theory of the survival of the fittest and the inborn striving for the surviva l of the species.\r\n'

'Race and Racism Essay\r'

'In comparison to the almighty universe in which masses altogether live in, human existences atomic number 18 merely a speck of dust at the size of it all. Then here be these beings on planet earth, with all 7 billion concourse under the allude moon, divided. No longer argon human equals as beings, but separate because of the system of ignorance, exploitation, and power used to oppress spate on the basis of ethnicity, culture, mannerisms, and culture (Marable 1).\r\nracialism is the issue Americans earn swept under the rug; the problem is being ignored, going cultures in the dark of their own taradiddle causing fault to be shifted on to all sorts of hosts, and it’s time to pick up the rug to dust. Society as a whole seems to impart broken raze what makes a person unique, dehumanizing them and leaving them susceptible to oppression (Marable 2). One must not be so quick to forget that every(prenominal) single human being is made up of the same genetic material, to forget something so immense is to undermine the gift of hazarding itself.\r\nManning Marable writes in racialism and Sexism that stereotypes atomic number 18 at the heart of every habitus of racialism today. racism is not a result that sits around at the front of everybody’s brain. Racism does not twist on the tip of your diction begging to be talked round. Racism is something that is ignored and denied. ignominious statistics from Tim sharp’s On White prefer were discussed, stating that in 1962, 80% of white folk believed that racialism was not even a problem.\r\nIn the same year, 90% of white folk believed that glossaryed children had equal education opportunities as white children. To believe that racism was not even a problem would be to say that over the 750 rush riots 228 people were not actually killed, 12,741 people were not critically injured, and that the 15,000 acts of fire-raising did not leave b lose urban neighborhoods in ruins, in the s ame year of 1962 (Postrel).\r\nWhite people are completely unburdened by race; where as colored people constantly aroma their capabilities are always being second guessed. However, Charles M. Blow, former of Escaping Slavery, explains to the reader that apparently white people think their actions are justified! And Blow goes as erupt-of-the-way(prenominal) as to say that â€Å"the idea that build toward root word harmony would or should be steady and unceasing is fraying” (Blow 1). In On White exclusive right, the singer Tim Wise pointed out that white people were asked in 2009 if they believed that racial inconsistency is still a problem and only if 6% said ‘yes.\r\n’ To put that into perspective: to a greater extent people would believe that Elvis is still springy than to believe that racial discrimi body politic is still a problem (Wise). Perhaps the density of the universe compromised the carrying mental ability of the human brain causing a conk out making it so the only thing people can think about is them self. Definitely not progress (Blow 2). The white system of ignorance and exploitations is causing the cultures of color to completely lose track of their own histories (Marable).\r\n spate who are oppressed themselves begin to lose cutaneous senses with their own traditions of accounting, community, love, celebrations, struggle, and change (Marable). Tim Wise reminds viewers whose biography we are truly learning in school- school text books are filled only with white history; people of color are forced to toot white history, white literature, white art, white theater, etc. , while if a white person does not know an ounce of black history, it can go virtually unnoticed in this country (Wise).\r\nActions speak louder than words and people seem to continue to boot out their ignorance. As part of the Civil Rights Movement and an trend to create a solution to unlawful discrimination in housing based on race, color, s ex, nation origin, or religion, the Fair Housing Act was passed in 1968 (Russell). Fast onwards 38 years subsequent on where 2006 manoeuvreed the highest level of discriminating housing complaints based on race (Wise). 38 whole years later and the only thing society can show on terms of progress is the lack of bankers acceptance being distributed around the country.\r\nThere is not decorous change taking place as a country in order to move forward into truly being the United States of America; base of operations of the Brave but we still fear what we do not know. It is always easier to accuse other forces for a problem than to admit that you are actually making the mess yourself. It has been said that if one is not a part of the solution then one is a part of the problem; however, some people are purely unburdened by race, they don’t know racism because they have never had to bed it- people are completely surrounded by and completely oblivious of the problem.\r\nFailu re to talk about racism feeds the denial (Wise). The finger can be pointed in any direction, and instead of calling it â€Å"blame” the word â€Å"cause” is used instead because that is to a greater extent constructive, and let’s face it, we need as much progress as we can get. However, progress seems to be unbearably intangible when Blow points out that the pillars of the institution- the fundamental devaluation of dark skin and stained justifications are for the unconscionable- have proved surprisingly resilient (Blow). The ignorance and lack of education only feeds the pillars’ strength.\r\nCompletely blinded by utter fear, America seems to be in a standstill of progress towards the issue on racism. starting signal with Charles Blow’s work in Escaping Slavery, down to Manning Marable’s Racism and Sexism, and what Tim Wise said in On White Privilege, it can be fabricated that progress will always need to be made to bring this country clo ser to unity. prison-breaking down racial barriers and stereotypes have proven to be an especially lengthy process, however that does not vindicate the slothfulness of it all. Open minds and hearts is what it is going to effect to shatter the structure that leaves this country divided.\r\nWord itemise: 1,100 Works Cited Blow, Charles. â€Å"Escaping Slavery. ” New York Times 4 January 2013. Marable, Manning. â€Å"Racism and Sexism. ” scarper, Class, and Gender in the United States, 5th ed. Ed. capital of Minnesota Rothenberg. New York: Worth Publishers, 2001. 124-129. Pring. Wise, Tim. On White Privilege: Racism, White Denial, and the Costs of Inequality. The Media Education Foundation, 2008. DVD. Postrel, Virginia. â€Å"The Consequences of the 1960’s Race Riots Come Into View. ” The New York Times. N. p. , 30 Dec. 2004. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.\r\n'

'World\r'

' military commission on amends of chargeable referee transcription G e rattlingplacenment of India, Ministry of habitation Af modal(a)s authorship VOLUME I INDIA exhibit 2003 commission on Reforms of reprehensible judge musical arrangement Government of India, Ministry of al-Qaeda Affairs CHAIRMAN Dr. in effect(p)ness V. S. Malimath Formerly, gaffer arbiter of Karnataka and Kerala full(prenominal) tribunals chair, substitution administrative Tribunal genus Ph aloneus, theme Hu objet dart Rights Commission Bangalore 560 052 MEMBERS S. Varadachary, IAS, (Retd. ) Bangalore 560 076 Amitabh Gupta, IPS, (Retd. ) Formerly, conductor superior ordinary of constabulary, RAjasthan Jaipur 302 015 Prof. (Dr. ) N. R. Madhava Menon Vice-ChancellorWest Bengal National University Of Juridical Sciences Kolkatta 700 098 D. V. chockba Rao Advocate Chairman, streak Council of India Vishakhapatnam MEMBER â€SECRETARY Durgadas Gupta Joint Secretary Ministry of stand Affairs, Government of India New Delhi 110 011 STAFF OF THE commissioning Sri C. M. Basavarya Formerly, District & Sessions think, Registrar & film director of Training, gritty Court of Karnataka. Bangalore 560 094. Executive Director Sri K. Girither Inspector important seize integrity bad businessman Personal Assistant Smt Binnu Menon Sub Inspector Central Reserve jurisprudence Force Stenographer Sri S. M. Reddy Asst. Sub-InspectorCentral Reserve Police Force shop clerk Sri V. genus Raja Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office tender Sri M. K. Uthaiah Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office Attender commission on Reforms of iniquitous evaluator organization (Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs) 12/A Diagonal channel Vasanthanagar Bangalore 560 052 â€Å"E trulything has been said already, further as no virtuoso add upens, we must always begin again. ” Andre Gide French creative thinker and writer CONTENTS col dawdle †I entire PRINCIPLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Need for Reform of the un honorful arbiter organization Adversarial government activity Right to Silence Rights of the AccusedPresumption of Innocence and load of Proof arbiter to Victims 3 23 39 59 65 75 PART †II INVESTIGATION 7. Investigation 8. 87 fell professionalsecution cruel pursuit 125 PART †III JUDICIARY 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Courts and settle Trial Procedure Witness and Perjury spend for Court Arrears Eradication Scheme 133 145 151 157 163 PART †IV CRIME & PUNISHMENT 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Offences, Sentences, Sentencing & Compounding Reclassification of Offences Offences against Women organize Crime Federal legal philosophy and Crimes Terrorism scotch Crimes 169 181 189 195 207 213 233 PART â€V LOOKING AHEAD 21. 22. 23. appear Role of the Legal ProfessionTraining †A St rollgy for Reform Vision for Better unlawful nicety strategy 249 253 259 PART â€VI RECOMMENDATIONS 24. Recommendations 2 65 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The nation is pleasing to Sri. L. K. Advani, De cast offy Prime rector and Home rector, for his resourcefulness for comprehensive reforms of the entire immoral arbitrator establishment including the fundamental principles and the applicable laws. Hitherto, efforts were do to reform b atomic phone twist 18ly certain set of laws, or virtuoso circumstance functionary of the system in piecemeal. This type of compartmentalized examination missed the vital focus on arbitrator to victims and national concern for peace and security.The inscription do by him and his distinguished colleague Sri. Arun Jaitley, Minister for Law and evaluator, to implement the reforms, once the committal situates its recommendations, is a fitting answer to the cynics that the Report on Reforms of felon arbiter arranging pass on be one much addition to the several earlier reports that atomic number 18 gathering dust in the Archives of the Government. The citizens co mmittee is beholden to the then political boss Justice of India, Dr. A. S. Anand, for affair upon both the High Courts to provide each(prenominal) information and assistance the committal needs.Our gratifying thanks to origin principal Justice Sri. B. N. Kirpal for ensuring that all the High Courts cast the reports craving by the direction on the claim of Health of Criminal Justice in their several(prenominal) kingdoms. The commission is grateful to Sri Justice V. N. Khargon, the main(prenominal) Justice of India for avincing keen interest in the committee’ work. s Justice P. V. Reddy, opine commanding Court, the then chief Justice of Karnataka High Court, placed at the administration of the Committee, the building for housing the Committee’ office in Bangalore. The Committee is grateful to him. sThe Committee is grateful to all the State Governments, High Courts, Officers of the Police Departments, pursuance Department, Law Departments and Home Department. Our sincere thanks to the proscribe connexion of India, New Delhi, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research at Mumbai and Asian College of Journalism, The Hindu in Chennai for collaborating with our Committee in organising seminars on una desire topics and to the National Law Universities at Bangalore and Kolkatta for rendering whatever assistance the Committee undeniable from quantify to time. Our thanks to Sri. Shivcharan Mathur, occasion heading Minister Rajasthan, Sri.Justice N. L. Tibrewal, actor Chief Justice of Rajasthan, Justice Dave, Sri. Rajendrashekhar, origin Director CBI and DGP Rajasthan, Sri. K. P. S. Gill, power DGP Punjab and Assam, Sri. Rajath Sharma, Media own(prenominal)ity and Prof. P. D. Sharma for assisting the Committee in organising the seminar at Jaipur. Our sincere thanks to Chief Ministers, Ministers, decide— present and former, distinguished lawyers, Police Officers, media psychealities, politicians, social scien tists, institutions and organisations and NGOs who wel behave assisted the Committee in organising or combat-ready in seminars, group discussions or meetings.A word of special(a) gratitude to the respected Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri. Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, Vice-President of India, Former Chief Justices Ranganath Misra, Ahmadi and Kania, Justice Jagannatha Rao, Chairman, Law Commission of India, Justice Jayachandra Reddy, Chairman Press Council of India, Justice K. T. doubting Thomas, Sri. Soli Sorabjee, lawyer command for India, Sri. Fali Nariman, President, Bar necktie of India, Senior Counsel Dr. L. M.Singhvi, Sri. Venugopal, Sri. Shanti Bhushan, Sri. Dipankumar Gupta, Sri. V. R. Reddi, Sri. K. N. Bhat, Sri. C. S. Vaidyanathan, Sri Lalit Bhasin, noble Goldsmith, attorney General of England, Sri Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal and experts from regular army, Judge Kevin Burke, Mr. Robert Litt, Mr. Ranganath Manthripragada, Ms. Dianne Post from the USA and Mme Maryvonne Callebotte, Mr. Jean Luis Nadal, Mr. Roussin, Mme. Claude no.quet and Mr. Lothion from France.The Committee appreciates the operatoral gesture of the Governments of USA, France and UK in inviting the Committee to visit their States to stage the Committee with the function of their respective Criminal Justice administrations and the reforms they be undertaking. The Committee could non go to USA ad UK for want of time. The Chairman and Sri. D. V. Subba Rao could visit France. Our grateful thanks to USAID for puzzleing in cardinal experts to Delhi to instruct the Committee well-nigh the Ameri back frame. The Committee would equal to record its deep sense of appreciation for the smooth dedicated service of Sri.C. M. Basavarya rendered as Executive Director of the Committee. The Committee is thankful to the Director General of CRPF for lending the staff consisting of Inspector K. Girither, Sub-Inspectors Binnu Menon and G. Yamini Rekha, Asst. Sub Inspector S. M. Reddy, Constables V. Raja and M. K. Uthaiah to work for the Committee. The Committee records its appreciation and conveys its thanks to apiece one of them for excellent service and help to the Committee to complete its task on schedule. PART †I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 2 3NEED FOR REFORM OF CRIMINAL justice placement _ â€Å"Law should non sit limply, stage those who defy it go extra and those who seek its defense lose hope”. (Jennison v. Baker (1972) 1 on the whole ER 997). COMMITTEE AND ITS WORK 1. 1. The Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice clay was be by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs by its pose dated 24 November 2000, to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System. (Annexure-1). The terms of de nonation for the Committee atomic number 18: i. ii. iii. iv. v.To test the fundamental principles of sorry polity, including the constitutional provisions relating to vicious jurisprudence and see if any modifications or amendments atomic number 18 required on that pointto; To contemplate in the flicker of findings on fundamental principles and aspects of condemnable jurisprudence as to whether on that point is a need to re-write the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian penal Code and the Indian evidence wager to bring them in business with the fill of the times and in harmony with the aspirations of the people of India; To make specific recommendations on simplifying discriminatory procedures and ractices and making the lecture of justice to the common man closer, faster, uncomplicated and trashy; To suggest ways and means of developing much(prenominal)(prenominal) synergism among the judiciary, the prosecution and the Police as restores the self-assertion of the common man in the Criminal Justice System by sheltering the innocent and the victim and by punishing unsparingly the guilty and the evil; To suggest sound system of managing, on ma ster copy lines, the pendency of cases at investigation and political campaign stages and making the Police, the Prosecution and the Judiciary postingable for resists in their respective domains; vi. To watch the feasibility of introducing the concept of â€Å"Federal Crime” which weed be put on List I in the Seventh scroll to the Constitution. 1. 2. The Committee was constituted under the Chairmanship of Justice V. S. Malimath, former Chief Justice of Karnataka and Kerala High Courts, Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal and Member of the Human Rights Commission. The separate members of the Committee are Sri S. Varadachary, IAS (Retd), former Advisor, Planning Commission of India and Sri Amitabh Gupta, former Director General of Police, Rajasthan.Sri Durgadas Gupta, Joint Secretary (Judicial), Ministry of Home Affairs was made the Secretary. On the recommendation of the Committee Justice Sri T. S. Arunachalam, former Judge of Madras High Court and Prof. N. R. Mad hava Menon, Vice-Chancellor, West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences were co-opted. Later, Justice Sri. T. S. Arunachalam tendered his resignation on somebodyal grounds where-upon Sri D. V. Subba Rao, Advocate who also happens to be Chairman of the Bar Council of India was co-opted in his place.Sri Durgadas Gupta, Secretary of the Committee was made the Member Secretary of the Committee. Sri C. M. Basavarya, former District Judge and Registrar of the Karnataka High Court was appointed as Executive Director so that the Committee has the well-being of ravel court experience in criminal matters. The term of the Committee, which was six months from the date of its initiatory sitting, has been lengthy till 31 March 2003. Thus it whitethorn be noned that there is a adept for you(predicate) combination of expertise of all the applicable palm — the Judiciary, the Bar, the Police, the legal academic and administrator. . 3. The notification constituting the Commit tee does not expressly state the reasons for constituting the Committee, obviously for the reason that they are too well-known. The statement in the notification that the Committee has been constituted â€Å"to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System” implies that the Criminal Justice System is in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a very bad state as to call for revamping. A former Chief Justice of India warned about a decade ago that the Criminal Justice System in India was about to collapse.It is common acquaintance that the cardinal major problems It is common knowledge that the besieging the Criminal Justice System two major problems besieging the are coherent pendency of criminal cases Criminal Justice System are huge and the unwarranted delay in disposal of pendency of criminal cases and the criminal cases on the one hand and the inordinate delay in disposal of very mortified rate of conviction in cases criminal cases on the one hand and involving serious disgusts on the other. the very low rate of conviction in This has promote wickedness.Violent and cases involving serious crimes on organised crimes realize draw the the other. order of the day. As chances of convictions are remote, crime has 5 give out a profitable business. Life has become unsafe and people live in constant fear. Law and order situation has deteriorated and the citizens have alienated trust in the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4. The supreme aim of criminal law is fortress of full to personal liberty against invasion by others †shelterion of the weak against the strong law abiding against lawless, peaceful against the fierce.To nurse the rights of the citizens, the State prescribes the rules of conduct, sanctions for their violation, machinery to enforce sanctions and procedure to protect that machinery. It is utter selfishness, greed and intolerance that lead to need of biography, liberty and property of other citizens requiring the Stat e to smell in for auspices of the citizens’ rights. James Madison writes in his book The Federalist that â€Å"if men were angels no government would be necessary”. It is the primary function of the government to protect the basic rights to life and property.The State has to give protection to persons against lawlessness, disorderly behaviour, violent acts and fraudulent deeds of others. conversancy cannot exist without protection of the basic rights of the citizens by the Government. 1. 5. This is the first time that the State has constituted such a Committee for a thorough and comprehensive round off of the entire Criminal Justice System so that necessary and effective systematic reforms can be made to improve the health of the system. Prison administration is one of the functionaries of the Criminal Justice System.However, it does not descent within the mandate of the Committee. All the earlier initiatives were of a limited character to bring about reforms in t he relevant laws, substantive and procedural laws, judicial reforms or police force reforms. The Committee is required to bow into account the recommendations made by the Law Commission of India, the convention of Chief Ministers on inseparable Security, the Report of childbed Force on Internal security and Padmanabhaiah Committee Report on Police Reforms. 1. 6. The terms of fictitious character are very wide and comprehensive.They require the Committee to examine the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence and relevant constitutional provisions and to suggest if any modifications or amendments are needed. If, on such review the Committee finds that any amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Penal Code or the Indian Evidence movement are necessary to bring them in tune with the demands of time and the aspirations of the people, it can make necessary recommendations. The Committee is not called upon to take up a general review of all these three stat utes. The mandate of the Committee is limited o recommending only such amendments to these statutes as may be necessary in the light-headed of its findings on review of the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence. Therefore, the Committee has not underinterpreted any general review of these Statutes. 6 1. 7. The well recognised fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence are ‘ presumption of innocence and right to conquer of the incriminate’ ‘ , burden of proof on the Prosecution’ and the ‘ right to fair essay’ Examination of . ‘ Adversarial System’ followed in India being an aspect of the concept of ‘ fair rial’ falls within the purview of the Committee. Simplifying judicial procedures and practices, bringing about synergy among the judiciary, Simplifying judicial procedures the Prosecution and Police, making and practices, bringing about the system simpler, faster, cheaper synergy among the judiciar y, the and people-friendly, and restoring the Prosecution and Police, making the confidence of the common man are system simpler, faster, cheaper and the other responsibilities of the people-friendly, and restoring the Committee.This includes improving confidence of the common man are the investigation and mental testing procedures the other responsibilities of the on professional lines for expeditious Committee. dispensation of justice and making the functionaries accountable. The Committee is also required to examine if the concept of ‘ Federal Crimes’ can be put in List 1 of the Seventh Schedule of the , Constitution so that it becomes the exclusive responsibility of the Central Government. STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY THE COMMITTEE 1. 8.Realizing the importance and order of magnitude of the task, the Committee decided to reach out to each section of the ball club, which has a stake in the system, at one time or indirectly. jibely the Committee decided to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) gain a questionnaire and obtain responses from all walks of society. Organize seminars on important issues in assorted parts of the country. recruit in seminars or meetings organised by others. collaborate citizens from disparate States hailing from different walks of life. prevail the views of the State Governments. Obtain the views of the High Courts and the Judges. Obtain the views of Central and State Bar Councils and members of the Bar. strain the views of Attorney General and Advocate Generals of the States. Obtain the views of the Heads of Police Departments. Obtain the views of the Heads of Prosecution Departments. Obtain the views of the rhetorical Scientists. Obtain the views of the academics in law. Obtain the views of the media persons. Get research make by scholars on important topics. 7 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)Study the relevant reports of the Law Commission of India, Report of Dharmavira Committee, Report of Pad manabhaiah Committee, Report of Vohra Committee, Report of Task Force on upcountry security, Report of Chief Ministers conference on Internal Security and other Commissions on topics relevant to the Criminal Justice System. Study the Criminal Justice Systems in U. K, Australia, France, USA and other countries and the reforms underinterpreted by them. Make a comparative analyze of Criminal Justice Systems in 20 selected countries from different continents. Interact with experts from different countries in the world.Examine Reports of the National Crime Bureau upto 2000. 1. 9. After an in-depth hear of the problem facing the Criminal Justice System the questionnaire was prepared and sent to 3,164 persons enclosing a pre-paid windbag to enable them to respond without incurring any expenditure. The list includes the Prime Minister, Home Minister, Law Minister, Attorney General, Home Secretary, Law Secretary, Govt. of India, Law Commission of India and functionaries of the State Gove rnments such as the Chief Ministers, Home Ministers, Law Ministers, Chief Secretaries, Law Secretaries, Home Secretaries, Advocate Generals, D.GsP, Director of Prosecution, the Chief Justices of the High Courts, Senior District Judges, different Bar Associations and State and Central Bar Councils, Bar Association Lawyers. However the number of responses acquire is only 284. 1. 10. Views of all the High Courts and information relating to institutions, pendency, disposal and other relevant information were sought from all the High Courts. As the response was not encouraging, the Chief Justice of India, on being requested by the Chairman, called upon all the High Courts to send their responses.As a result of the initiative of the Chief Justice, all the High Courts have sent their reports. (Refer addition 5, intensity level II). However some of them have not furnished all the information sought, in the pro forma in regard to filing, disposal, pendency of criminal cases etc. 1. 11. b esides all the State Governments were requested to send their views. plainly only the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir have submitted their replies. Other States have not responded inspite of repeated requests. (Refer Appendix 6, Volume II). . 12. Reports on the functioning of the prosecution system in all the States were sought from the respective heads of Police Departments. Reports have been received from the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, 8 Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and Uttaranchal. Others have not responded. (Refer Appendix 7, Volume III). 1. 13. The Committee organised seminars as follows: †Date 9 February 2002 Place Chennai Topic Media and Criminal Justice System 23/24 February 2002 Jaipur Reforms of Criminal Justice System (Investigation, Sentencing and Prosecution) 2/23 March 2002 Mumbai frugal Crimes and fiscal Frauds 26/27/28 April 2002 Delhi Fundamental Principles of Criminal Justice †A Fresh Look. 1. 14. Several other seminars organised on the recommendations of the Committee by different organizations and umteen much seminars organised by different organisations on the topics concerning the Criminal Justice System in which the Chairman or members of the Committee actively participated are the following: Date Place Topic 16 February 2002 Haveri, Karnataka Reforms of Criminal Justice System 10 July 2002 Delhi riding habit of Handcuffing †a rational approach. 7/28 July 2002 Hyderabad Forensic Science, its use and application in investigation and prosecution. 12 September 2002 Lucknow Symposium on Criminal Justice constitution and Dalits 13 September 2002 Allahabad 4 October 2002 Delhi Application of info Technology in Legal System and Reforms Of Criminal Justice System. Insulating Police from External Pressures. 10/11 October 2002 Delhi Law of Arrest Accountability. 11 January 2003 Pune Reforms of C riminal Justice System â€Speedier and Efficient Procedure for Trial Of Criminal Cases. †Police Powers and 9 1. 15.It is heartening to know that many eminent personalities participated in these seminars. Notable among them are Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (now Vice-President of India), Sri Arun Jaitley, Honourable Minister for Law, former Chief Justices Sri Ranganath Misra, Sri A. M. Ahmadi, Sri M. H. Kania, Dr. A. S. Anand, former Supreme Court Judges Sri. K. Jayachandra Reddy, Sri. Jaganadha Rao, Sri. K. T. Thomas and many Senior Advocates Sri. Fali Nariman, Sri Soli Sorabjee, Attorney General, Sri K. K. Venugopal, Sri Shantibhushan, Sri. P.P. Rao, Sri V. R. Reddy, Sri. Dipankar P. Gupta, Sri. K. N. Bhat. 1. 16. The Chairman held discussions with Mr. Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal who is engaged in reforming the criminal prosecution system in his country. The Chairman discussed with Lord Goldsmith, Attorney Gene ral of U. K and held discussion with particular reference to several reforms undertaken in that country. The Chairman and members Professor Madhava Menon and Mr. Subba Rao participated in a video conference on reforms with cock-a-hoop criminal lawyers from U. K. The Chairman and member Mr.Subba Rao visited Paris on the invitation of the French Government to study the Inquisitorial System followed in that country. Similar invitation from USA Agency USAID could not be accepted for want of time. Therefore USAID was good enough to send four experts to New Delhi who beginner the Committee about the salient features of the Criminal Justice System in USA. 1. 17. The Committee made an in-depth study of the materials gathered in respect of all the 19 items mentioned in the earlier paragraph. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM †AN OVERVIEW:Whatever views one holds about the penal law, no one will question its importance to society.This is the law on which men place their ultimate conviction for protection against all the deepest injuries that human conduct can inflict on individuals and institutions. By the same token, penal law governs the strongest force that we permit official agencies to bring to bear on individuals. Its promise as an instrument of safety is matched only by its power to destroy. nowhere in the entire legal field is more at stake for the community or for the individual. Herbert Wechsler 10 1. 18. There was no criminal law in uncivilized society. Every man was liable to be attacked on his person or property at any time by any one.The person attacked either succumbed or over-powered his opponent. â€Å"A tooth for a tooth, an shopping centre for an eye, a life for a life” was the ascendant of criminal justice. As time advanced, the injured person agreed to accept compensation, instead of killing his adversary. Subsequently, a sliding scale of satisfying ordinary offences came into existence. such a system gave birth to the archaic criminal law. For a long time, the application of these principles remained with the parties themselves, but little by little this function came to be performed by the State. . 19. Since Independence and the promulgation of our Constitution rapid strides have been made in almost all fields. The communication revolution has open(a) the eyes, ears and minds of millions of people, resulting in increasing expectations of an ever growing population. The desire for quick, fair and affordable justice is universal. Protection of life and liberty have been habituated a pre-eminent model in our Constitution by enacting Article 21 as a fundamental right and courtly a duty on the State to protect life and personal liberty of every citizen.Any privation or breach of this valuable right is not permissible unless the procedure prescribed by law for that purpose is just, fair and reasonable. Has the State been able to move up to this promise in a hard measure? The ground reality, however, is that this p recious fundamental right is turning out to be a simple pipe dream to many millions to whom justice is hold up, warp or denied more than its delivery in consistency with the ideals enshrined in the Constitution. The entire existence of the orderly society depends upon sound and efficient functioning of the Criminal Justice System. 1. 20.Latest report of the National Crime Record Bureau, 2000 (NCRB) print by the Ministry of Home Affairs, press outs that in the yr 1951 there were 6,49,728 cognisable crimes under the IPC. This has risen to 17,71,084 in the year 2000. In the year 1953 (figures for 1951 are not available) there were 49,578 violent crimes whereas in the year 2000 the number of violent crimes has change magnitude to 2,38,381 (for the sake of illustration only figures of cognizable IPC crimes have been taken). These figures indicate an abnormal step-up in the number of serious crimes. At the same time the population of the country which was 361. million in 1951 ha s increased to 1002. 1 million in 2000. 11 amalgamated argumentation of Police Strength and of Cases Investigated by the Police in India 1996 to 2000 S. No 1. 2. 1996 intact strength of State Police Forces 1997 1998 1999 2000 9,56,620 9,87,378 10,20,171 10,32,956 10,26,917 3. Workload of Civil Police : count cases investigated by police divided by derive number of investigating officer (ASIs to Inspectors) IPC Cases 16,78,453 16,63,666 17,53,121 17,94,390 17,92,896 SLL Cases 41,95,778 46,00,513 44,09,133 35,47,072 33,66,127 innate issue forth number of cases in which investigation as blameless by the police †58,74,231 62,64,179 61,62,254 53,42,462 51,59,023 IPC Cases SLL Cases 18. 7 17. 8 17. 8 17. 2 16. 5 41. 7 42. 9 39. 3 28. 3 26. 1 60. 4 60. 7 57. 1 45. 5 42. 6 Total Consolidated Statement of Cases Dealt with by the Courts in India from 1996 to 2000 Sl No 1 1996 No. of IPC cases which came up for rivulet during the year including cases pending at the informant of the year 52,97,662 1997 54,81,004 1998 56,60,484 1999 58,90,744 2000 60,23,134 12 Sl No 2 3 4 5 1996 No. of SLL cases which came up for trial during the year including cases pending at the beginning of he year No. of cases in which trial was realised during the year IPC cases SLL cases No. of cases pending trial at the end of the year IPC cases SLL cases Total faith rate of those cases in which trial was completed IPC Cases SLL cases 1997 1998 1999 2000 7120383 7751906 7910411 7219222 6717380 843588 3487815 879928 3732474 895414 3679707 930729 3221158 933181 2518475 4252918 4395644 4585559 4775216 4921710 3259637 3625072 3784163 3506947 3649230 7512555 8020716 8369722 8282163 8570940 37. 8% 38. 2% 37. 4% 39. 6% 41. 8% 87. 3% 87. 9% 86. 7% 87. 9% 81. 4% display board 2 1. 21.Out of every 100 cases (both IPC and SLL crimes) reported to and taken up by the Police for investigation, amid 25 and 30 cases are IPC crimes and the balance is accounted for by SLL crimes. Of the IPC crimes taken up by police for investigation every year, The above statistics suggest that as of investigation is completed by January 2003, assuming that we have a the police in 76% to 80% of crime free society with Police not having to these cases. The corresponding take cognizance of and investigate any percentage in respect of SLL crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and cases is between 85 and 95. he strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency 1. 22. The above statistics wise, (an unrealistic assumption and then! ) it suggest that as of January 2003, will take a minimum of another four geezerhood for the courts to chuck out of all these cases. assuming that we have 13 a crime free society with Police not having to take cognizance of and investigate any crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and the strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency wise, (an unrealistic assumption indeed! it will take a minimu m of another four long time for the courts to dispose of all these cases. 1. 23. These figures show that the courts have not been able to cope up with the number of cases that come before them for trial every year. According to parry 1 the number number of complaints received by the police and cases registered during the year 2000 in India is 56,62,773. It is a matter of common knowledge that several persons who are victims of crimes do not complain to the police. During the year 2000 the total number of cases charge-sheeted after investigation is 50,98,304.The total number of cases disposed of by the courts in the year 2000 is 9,32,774. So far as the cases under IPC are concerned, the epitome in the report on page 1 of the NCRB report shows that 79% of IPC cases were investigated in the year 2000, 78. 4% of them were charge-sheeted, 18. 3% of them were tried and 41. 8% of them resulted in conviction. In many Countries want U. K. , U. S. A, France, Japan and Singapore the rate o f conviction is more than 90%. 1. 24. Quality of justice suffers not only when an innocent person is punished or a guilty person is pronounce but when there s enormous delay in deciding the criminal Quality of justice suffers cases. It is a trite saying that justice delayed is not only when an innocent justice denied. send back 25(b) of the NCRB report, person is punished or a 2000 furnishes the term of trial of cases guilty person is exonerated during 2000. It is seen that 10,382 cases of the but when there is enormous duration of 3 to 5 years, 6,503 cases of the delay in deciding the duration of 5-10 years and 2,187 cases of the criminal cases. duration of over 10 years were disposed of by ll the courts in India during 2000. taking more than 3 years (sometimes even 10 years) amounts to denying fair trial. Speedy trial is a right of the accused that flows from Article 21 as held by the Supreme Court. If the accused is acquitted after such long delay one can imagine the Taking more than 3 unnecessary suffering he was subjected to. Many years (sometimes even times such inordinate delay contributes to acquittal 10 years) amounts to of guilty persons either because the evidence is lost or because of lapse of time, or the witnesses do not denying fair trial. emember all the details or the witnesses do not come forward to give true evidence collect to threats, inducement or sympathy. Whatever may be the reason it is justice that becomes a casualty. 14 1. 25. unprotected sections of the society like women, children and other members of weaker sections of society like the Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes suffer more when the Criminal Justice System fails to live up to expectations. Crime Against Women Sl No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Crime Head violation snatch and Abduction Dowry Death Torture harassment Sexual HarassmentImportation of Girls Sati Prevention Act Immoral commerce (P) Act Indecent Rep. of Women (P) Act 11. Dowry bar Act Total 1998 15151 16351 6975 41376 30959 8054 146 0 8695 190 1999 15468 15962 6699 43823 32311 8858 1 0 9363 222 2000 16496 cl23 6995 45778 32940 11024 64 0 9515 662 region divergence in 2000 over 1999 6. 6 -5. 9 4. 4 4. 5 1. 9 24. 5 63. 0 1. 6 198. 2 3578 131475 3064 135771 2876 141373 -6. 1 4. 1 Year Table 3 Several disturbing features are seen from the figures given in this table. There is a 6. 6% increase in the offence of appal from 1999 to 2000.So far as the percentage of sexual harassment during the same period is concerned, there is an increase of 24. 5%. What is worst is the figures relating to significance of girls obviously for sex which has increased to 63% during 2000. This is kind of shocking. 15 1. 26. So far as offences against children are concerned, Table 4 furnishes information about the incidents of different types of offences against them between 1996 and 2000. Offences Against Children Sl No Crime Head old age piece variation 2000 2000 over over 1996 1999 -23. 3 -0. 7 24 . 5 -10. 1 1996 1. Child bumble . Kidnapping and abduction 3. Procuration of minor girls 4. Selling of girls for prostitution 5. get of girls for prostitution 6. Abetment of Suicide 7. Exposure and giving up 8. Infanticide 9. Foeticide 10. Child marriage restraint act Total 1997 1998 1999 2000 4083 571 4414 620 4153 699 3153 791 3132 711 94 6 87 9 171 11 172 13 147 15 56. 4 150. 0 -14. 5 15. 3 22 13 13 5 53 140. 9 960 11 554 13 582 28 575 24 593 18 660 63. 6 19. 1 -25 11. 2 113 39 89 107 57 78 114 62 56 87 61 58 104 91 92 -8. 8 133. 3 3. 4 19. 5 49. 2 58. 6 5582 5980 5882 4957 5023 -10. 0 1. 3Table 4 The figures show a mixed trend during the last 5 years. There is an increase of 1. 3% from 1999 to 2000. 16 1. 27. So far as incidence of child rape is concerned, there were 744 victims below 10 years and 2,880 victims between of 10 and 16 years. This shows the extent of child demoralise that is prevalent in India and the failure of the system to bear it. This is very disturbing. 1. 28. So far as crime against other weaker sections of the society namely the SC and ST are concerned, the figures for the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 are furnished in the Tables 5 and 6.Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 1998 1. Murder 516 506 526 1999 over 1998 -1. 9 2. Rape 923 1000 1083 8. 3 8. 3 3. Kidnapping & Abduction 253 228 268 -9. 8 17. 5 4. Dacoity 49 36 38 -26. 5 5. 6 5. robbery 150 109 108 -27. 3 -0. 9 6. Arson 346 337 290 -2. 6 -13. 9 7. Hurt 3809 3241 3497 -14. 9 7. 9 8. PCR Act 724 678 672 -6. 3 -0. 9 9. SC/ST 7443 7301 7386 -1. 9 1. 2 11425 11657 11587 2. 0 -0. 6 25638 25093 25455 -2. 1 1. 4 (Prev. of 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 4. 0 Atrocities) Act 10. Others Total Table 5 17 Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 998 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 59 1999 over 1998 21. 2 66 80 331 384 403 16. 0 4. 9 56 59 48 5. 3 18. 6 1. Murder 2. Rape 3. Kidnapping & Abduction 4. Dacoity 5 3 5 -40. 0 66. 7 5. Robbery 15 8 2 -46. 6 -75. 0 6. Arson 38 43 32 1 3. 2 -25. 6 7. Hurt 638 646 447 1. 2 -30. 8 8. PCR Act 50 45 31 -10. 0 -31. 1 9. SC/ST 709 574 502 -19. 0 -12. 5 2368 2608 2661 10. 1 -2. 0 4276 4450 4190 4. 1 -5. 8 (Prev. of 26. 3 Atrocities) Act 10. Others Total Table 6 In the year 2000 there was an increase of 1. 4% of crimes against the members of SC. So far as the members of the ST are oncerned the figures indicate that there was an Economic crimes like increase in the number of crimes like murder, smuggling, bills laundering, rape, kidnapping, dacoity during 2000 tax evasion, drug trafficking, compared to the figures of the previous year. turpitude and serious economic frauds are feeding the 1. 29. Economic crimes like smuggling, vitals of the nation in a very money laundering, tax evasion, drug big way. trafficking, corruption and serious economic frauds are eating the vitals of the nation in a very big way. Table 7 furnishes information about major frauds reported during 2000.\r\n'