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' military commission on amends of chargeable referee transcription G e rattlingplacenment of India, Ministry of habitation Af modal(a)s authorship VOLUME I INDIA exhibit 2003 commission on Reforms of reprehensible judge musical arrangement Government of India, Ministry of al-Qaeda Affairs CHAIRMAN Dr. in effect(p)ness V. S. Malimath Formerly, gaffer arbiter of Karnataka and Kerala full(prenominal) tribunals chair, substitution administrative Tribunal genus Ph aloneus, theme Hu objet dart Rights Commission Bangalore 560 052 MEMBERS S. Varadachary, IAS, (Retd. ) Bangalore 560 076 Amitabh Gupta, IPS, (Retd. ) Formerly, conductor superior ordinary of constabulary, RAjasthan Jaipur 302 015 Prof. (Dr. ) N. R. Madhava Menon Vice-ChancellorWest Bengal National University Of Juridical Sciences Kolkatta 700 098 D. V. chockba Rao Advocate Chairman, streak Council of India Vishakhapatnam MEMBER â€SECRETARY Durgadas Gupta Joint Secretary Ministry of stand Affairs, Government of India New Delhi 110 011 STAFF OF THE commissioning Sri C. M. Basavarya Formerly, District & Sessions think, Registrar & film director of Training, gritty Court of Karnataka. Bangalore 560 094. Executive Director Sri K. Girither Inspector important seize integrity bad businessman Personal Assistant Smt Binnu Menon Sub Inspector Central Reserve jurisprudence Force Stenographer Sri S. M. Reddy Asst. Sub-InspectorCentral Reserve Police Force shop clerk Sri V. genus Raja Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office tender Sri M. K. Uthaiah Constable Central Reserve Police Force Office Attender commission on Reforms of iniquitous evaluator organization (Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs) 12/A Diagonal channel Vasanthanagar Bangalore 560 052 â€Å"E trulything has been said already, further as no virtuoso add upens, we must always begin again. ” Andre Gide French creative thinker and writer CONTENTS col dawdle †I entire PRINCIPLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Need for Reform of the un honorful arbiter organization Adversarial government activity Right to Silence Rights of the AccusedPresumption of Innocence and load of Proof arbiter to Victims 3 23 39 59 65 75 PART †II INVESTIGATION 7. Investigation 8. 87 fell professionalsecution cruel pursuit 125 PART †III JUDICIARY 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Courts and settle Trial Procedure Witness and Perjury spend for Court Arrears Eradication Scheme 133 145 151 157 163 PART †IV CRIME & PUNISHMENT 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Offences, Sentences, Sentencing & Compounding Reclassification of Offences Offences against Women organize Crime Federal legal philosophy and Crimes Terrorism scotch Crimes 169 181 189 195 207 213 233 PART â€V LOOKING AHEAD 21. 22. 23. appear Role of the Legal ProfessionTraining †A St rollgy for Reform Vision for Better unlawful nicety strategy 249 253 259 PART â€VI RECOMMENDATIONS 24. Recommendations 2 65 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The nation is pleasing to Sri. L. K. Advani, De cast offy Prime rector and Home rector, for his resourcefulness for comprehensive reforms of the entire immoral arbitrator establishment including the fundamental principles and the applicable laws. Hitherto, efforts were do to reform b atomic phone twist 18ly certain set of laws, or virtuoso circumstance functionary of the system in piecemeal. This type of compartmentalized examination missed the vital focus on arbitrator to victims and national concern for peace and security.The inscription do by him and his distinguished colleague Sri. Arun Jaitley, Minister for Law and evaluator, to implement the reforms, once the committal situates its recommendations, is a fitting answer to the cynics that the Report on Reforms of felon arbiter arranging pass on be one much addition to the several earlier reports that atomic number 18 gathering dust in the Archives of the Government. The citizens co mmittee is beholden to the then political boss Justice of India, Dr. A. S. Anand, for affair upon both the High Courts to provide each(prenominal) information and assistance the committal needs.Our gratifying thanks to origin principal Justice Sri. B. N. Kirpal for ensuring that all the High Courts cast the reports craving by the direction on the claim of Health of Criminal Justice in their several(prenominal) kingdoms. The commission is grateful to Sri Justice V. N. Khargon, the main(prenominal) Justice of India for avincing keen interest in the committee’ work. s Justice P. V. Reddy, opine commanding Court, the then chief Justice of Karnataka High Court, placed at the administration of the Committee, the building for housing the Committee’ office in Bangalore. The Committee is grateful to him. sThe Committee is grateful to all the State Governments, High Courts, Officers of the Police Departments, pursuance Department, Law Departments and Home Department. Our sincere thanks to the proscribe connexion of India, New Delhi, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research at Mumbai and Asian College of Journalism, The Hindu in Chennai for collaborating with our Committee in organising seminars on una desire topics and to the National Law Universities at Bangalore and Kolkatta for rendering whatever assistance the Committee undeniable from quantify to time. Our thanks to Sri. Shivcharan Mathur, occasion heading Minister Rajasthan, Sri.Justice N. L. Tibrewal, actor Chief Justice of Rajasthan, Justice Dave, Sri. Rajendrashekhar, origin Director CBI and DGP Rajasthan, Sri. K. P. S. Gill, power DGP Punjab and Assam, Sri. Rajath Sharma, Media own(prenominal)ity and Prof. P. D. Sharma for assisting the Committee in organising the seminar at Jaipur. Our sincere thanks to Chief Ministers, Ministers, decide— present and former, distinguished lawyers, Police Officers, media psychealities, politicians, social scien tists, institutions and organisations and NGOs who wel behave assisted the Committee in organising or combat-ready in seminars, group discussions or meetings.A word of special(a) gratitude to the respected Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri. Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, Vice-President of India, Former Chief Justices Ranganath Misra, Ahmadi and Kania, Justice Jagannatha Rao, Chairman, Law Commission of India, Justice Jayachandra Reddy, Chairman Press Council of India, Justice K. T. doubting Thomas, Sri. Soli Sorabjee, lawyer command for India, Sri. Fali Nariman, President, Bar necktie of India, Senior Counsel Dr. L. M.Singhvi, Sri. Venugopal, Sri. Shanti Bhushan, Sri. Dipankumar Gupta, Sri. V. R. Reddi, Sri. K. N. Bhat, Sri. C. S. Vaidyanathan, Sri Lalit Bhasin, noble Goldsmith, attorney General of England, Sri Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal and experts from regular army, Judge Kevin Burke, Mr. Robert Litt, Mr. Ranganath Manthripragada, Ms. Dianne Post from the USA and Mme Maryvonne Callebotte, Mr. Jean Luis Nadal, Mr. Roussin, Mme. Claude no.quet and Mr. Lothion from France.The Committee appreciates the operatoral gesture of the Governments of USA, France and UK in inviting the Committee to visit their States to stage the Committee with the function of their respective Criminal Justice administrations and the reforms they be undertaking. The Committee could non go to USA ad UK for want of time. The Chairman and Sri. D. V. Subba Rao could visit France. Our grateful thanks to USAID for puzzleing in cardinal experts to Delhi to instruct the Committee well-nigh the Ameri back frame. The Committee would equal to record its deep sense of appreciation for the smooth dedicated service of Sri.C. M. Basavarya rendered as Executive Director of the Committee. The Committee is thankful to the Director General of CRPF for lending the staff consisting of Inspector K. Girither, Sub-Inspectors Binnu Menon and G. Yamini Rekha, Asst. Sub Inspector S. M. Reddy, Constables V. Raja and M. K. Uthaiah to work for the Committee. The Committee records its appreciation and conveys its thanks to apiece one of them for excellent service and help to the Committee to complete its task on schedule. PART †I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 2 3NEED FOR REFORM OF CRIMINAL justice placement _ â€Å"Law should non sit limply, stage those who defy it go extra and those who seek its defense lose hope”. (Jennison v. Baker (1972) 1 on the whole ER 997). COMMITTEE AND ITS WORK 1. 1. The Committee on Reforms of the Criminal Justice clay was be by the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs by its pose dated 24 November 2000, to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System. (Annexure-1). The terms of de nonation for the Committee atomic number 18: i. ii. iii. iv. v.To test the fundamental principles of sorry polity, including the constitutional provisions relating to vicious jurisprudence and see if any modifications or amendments atomic number 18 required on that pointto; To contemplate in the flicker of findings on fundamental principles and aspects of condemnable jurisprudence as to whether on that point is a need to re-write the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian penal Code and the Indian evidence wager to bring them in business with the fill of the times and in harmony with the aspirations of the people of India; To make specific recommendations on simplifying discriminatory procedures and ractices and making the lecture of justice to the common man closer, faster, uncomplicated and trashy; To suggest ways and means of developing much(prenominal)(prenominal) synergism among the judiciary, the prosecution and the Police as restores the self-assertion of the common man in the Criminal Justice System by sheltering the innocent and the victim and by punishing unsparingly the guilty and the evil; To suggest sound system of managing, on ma ster copy lines, the pendency of cases at investigation and political campaign stages and making the Police, the Prosecution and the Judiciary postingable for resists in their respective domains; vi. To watch the feasibility of introducing the concept of â€Å"Federal Crime” which weed be put on List I in the Seventh scroll to the Constitution. 1. 2. The Committee was constituted under the Chairmanship of Justice V. S. Malimath, former Chief Justice of Karnataka and Kerala High Courts, Chairman, Central Administrative Tribunal and Member of the Human Rights Commission. The separate members of the Committee are Sri S. Varadachary, IAS (Retd), former Advisor, Planning Commission of India and Sri Amitabh Gupta, former Director General of Police, Rajasthan.Sri Durgadas Gupta, Joint Secretary (Judicial), Ministry of Home Affairs was made the Secretary. On the recommendation of the Committee Justice Sri T. S. Arunachalam, former Judge of Madras High Court and Prof. N. R. Mad hava Menon, Vice-Chancellor, West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences were co-opted. Later, Justice Sri. T. S. Arunachalam tendered his resignation on somebodyal grounds where-upon Sri D. V. Subba Rao, Advocate who also happens to be Chairman of the Bar Council of India was co-opted in his place.Sri Durgadas Gupta, Secretary of the Committee was made the Member Secretary of the Committee. Sri C. M. Basavarya, former District Judge and Registrar of the Karnataka High Court was appointed as Executive Director so that the Committee has the well-being of ravel court experience in criminal matters. The term of the Committee, which was six months from the date of its initiatory sitting, has been lengthy till 31 March 2003. Thus it whitethorn be noned that there is a adept for you(predicate) combination of expertise of all the applicable palm — the Judiciary, the Bar, the Police, the legal academic and administrator. . 3. The notification constituting the Commit tee does not expressly state the reasons for constituting the Committee, obviously for the reason that they are too well-known. The statement in the notification that the Committee has been constituted â€Å"to consider measures for revamping the Criminal Justice System” implies that the Criminal Justice System is in much(prenominal)(prenominal) a very bad state as to call for revamping. A former Chief Justice of India warned about a decade ago that the Criminal Justice System in India was about to collapse.It is common acquaintance that the cardinal major problems It is common knowledge that the besieging the Criminal Justice System two major problems besieging the are coherent pendency of criminal cases Criminal Justice System are huge and the unwarranted delay in disposal of pendency of criminal cases and the criminal cases on the one hand and the inordinate delay in disposal of very mortified rate of conviction in cases criminal cases on the one hand and involving serious disgusts on the other. the very low rate of conviction in This has promote wickedness.Violent and cases involving serious crimes on organised crimes realize draw the the other. order of the day. As chances of convictions are remote, crime has 5 give out a profitable business. Life has become unsafe and people live in constant fear. Law and order situation has deteriorated and the citizens have alienated trust in the Criminal Justice System. 1. 4. The supreme aim of criminal law is fortress of full to personal liberty against invasion by others †shelterion of the weak against the strong law abiding against lawless, peaceful against the fierce.To nurse the rights of the citizens, the State prescribes the rules of conduct, sanctions for their violation, machinery to enforce sanctions and procedure to protect that machinery. It is utter selfishness, greed and intolerance that lead to need of biography, liberty and property of other citizens requiring the Stat e to smell in for auspices of the citizens’ rights. James Madison writes in his book The Federalist that â€Å"if men were angels no government would be necessary”. It is the primary function of the government to protect the basic rights to life and property.The State has to give protection to persons against lawlessness, disorderly behaviour, violent acts and fraudulent deeds of others. conversancy cannot exist without protection of the basic rights of the citizens by the Government. 1. 5. This is the first time that the State has constituted such a Committee for a thorough and comprehensive round off of the entire Criminal Justice System so that necessary and effective systematic reforms can be made to improve the health of the system. Prison administration is one of the functionaries of the Criminal Justice System.However, it does not descent within the mandate of the Committee. All the earlier initiatives were of a limited character to bring about reforms in t he relevant laws, substantive and procedural laws, judicial reforms or police force reforms. The Committee is required to bow into account the recommendations made by the Law Commission of India, the convention of Chief Ministers on inseparable Security, the Report of childbed Force on Internal security and Padmanabhaiah Committee Report on Police Reforms. 1. 6. The terms of fictitious character are very wide and comprehensive.They require the Committee to examine the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence and relevant constitutional provisions and to suggest if any modifications or amendments are needed. If, on such review the Committee finds that any amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Indian Penal Code or the Indian Evidence movement are necessary to bring them in tune with the demands of time and the aspirations of the people, it can make necessary recommendations. The Committee is not called upon to take up a general review of all these three stat utes. The mandate of the Committee is limited o recommending only such amendments to these statutes as may be necessary in the light-headed of its findings on review of the fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence. Therefore, the Committee has not underinterpreted any general review of these Statutes. 6 1. 7. The well recognised fundamental principles of criminal jurisprudence are ‘ presumption of innocence and right to conquer of the incriminate’ ‘ , burden of proof on the Prosecution’ and the ‘ right to fair essay’ Examination of . ‘ Adversarial System’ followed in India being an aspect of the concept of ‘ fair rial’ falls within the purview of the Committee. Simplifying judicial procedures and practices, bringing about synergy among the judiciary, Simplifying judicial procedures the Prosecution and Police, making and practices, bringing about the system simpler, faster, cheaper synergy among the judiciar y, the and people-friendly, and restoring the Prosecution and Police, making the confidence of the common man are system simpler, faster, cheaper and the other responsibilities of the people-friendly, and restoring the Committee.This includes improving confidence of the common man are the investigation and mental testing procedures the other responsibilities of the on professional lines for expeditious Committee. dispensation of justice and making the functionaries accountable. The Committee is also required to examine if the concept of ‘ Federal Crimes’ can be put in List 1 of the Seventh Schedule of the , Constitution so that it becomes the exclusive responsibility of the Central Government. STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY THE COMMITTEE 1. 8.Realizing the importance and order of magnitude of the task, the Committee decided to reach out to each section of the ball club, which has a stake in the system, at one time or indirectly. jibely the Committee decided to: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) gain a questionnaire and obtain responses from all walks of society. Organize seminars on important issues in assorted parts of the country. recruit in seminars or meetings organised by others. collaborate citizens from disparate States hailing from different walks of life. prevail the views of the State Governments. Obtain the views of the High Courts and the Judges. Obtain the views of Central and State Bar Councils and members of the Bar. strain the views of Attorney General and Advocate Generals of the States. Obtain the views of the Heads of Police Departments. Obtain the views of the Heads of Prosecution Departments. Obtain the views of the rhetorical Scientists. Obtain the views of the academics in law. Obtain the views of the media persons. Get research make by scholars on important topics. 7 (15) (16) (17) (18) (19)Study the relevant reports of the Law Commission of India, Report of Dharmavira Committee, Report of Pad manabhaiah Committee, Report of Vohra Committee, Report of Task Force on upcountry security, Report of Chief Ministers conference on Internal Security and other Commissions on topics relevant to the Criminal Justice System. Study the Criminal Justice Systems in U. K, Australia, France, USA and other countries and the reforms underinterpreted by them. Make a comparative analyze of Criminal Justice Systems in 20 selected countries from different continents. Interact with experts from different countries in the world.Examine Reports of the National Crime Bureau upto 2000. 1. 9. After an in-depth hear of the problem facing the Criminal Justice System the questionnaire was prepared and sent to 3,164 persons enclosing a pre-paid windbag to enable them to respond without incurring any expenditure. The list includes the Prime Minister, Home Minister, Law Minister, Attorney General, Home Secretary, Law Secretary, Govt. of India, Law Commission of India and functionaries of the State Gove rnments such as the Chief Ministers, Home Ministers, Law Ministers, Chief Secretaries, Law Secretaries, Home Secretaries, Advocate Generals, D.GsP, Director of Prosecution, the Chief Justices of the High Courts, Senior District Judges, different Bar Associations and State and Central Bar Councils, Bar Association Lawyers. However the number of responses acquire is only 284. 1. 10. Views of all the High Courts and information relating to institutions, pendency, disposal and other relevant information were sought from all the High Courts. As the response was not encouraging, the Chief Justice of India, on being requested by the Chairman, called upon all the High Courts to send their responses.As a result of the initiative of the Chief Justice, all the High Courts have sent their reports. (Refer addition 5, intensity level II). However some of them have not furnished all the information sought, in the pro forma in regard to filing, disposal, pendency of criminal cases etc. 1. 11. b esides all the State Governments were requested to send their views. plainly only the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir have submitted their replies. Other States have not responded inspite of repeated requests. (Refer Appendix 6, Volume II). . 12. Reports on the functioning of the prosecution system in all the States were sought from the respective heads of Police Departments. Reports have been received from the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, 8 Orissa, Tamil Nadu, and Uttaranchal. Others have not responded. (Refer Appendix 7, Volume III). 1. 13. The Committee organised seminars as follows: †Date 9 February 2002 Place Chennai Topic Media and Criminal Justice System 23/24 February 2002 Jaipur Reforms of Criminal Justice System (Investigation, Sentencing and Prosecution) 2/23 March 2002 Mumbai frugal Crimes and fiscal Frauds 26/27/28 April 2002 Delhi Fundamental Principles of Criminal Justice †A Fresh Look. 1. 14. Several other seminars organised on the recommendations of the Committee by different organizations and umteen much seminars organised by different organisations on the topics concerning the Criminal Justice System in which the Chairman or members of the Committee actively participated are the following: Date Place Topic 16 February 2002 Haveri, Karnataka Reforms of Criminal Justice System 10 July 2002 Delhi riding habit of Handcuffing †a rational approach. 7/28 July 2002 Hyderabad Forensic Science, its use and application in investigation and prosecution. 12 September 2002 Lucknow Symposium on Criminal Justice constitution and Dalits 13 September 2002 Allahabad 4 October 2002 Delhi Application of info Technology in Legal System and Reforms Of Criminal Justice System. Insulating Police from External Pressures. 10/11 October 2002 Delhi Law of Arrest Accountability. 11 January 2003 Pune Reforms of C riminal Justice System â€Speedier and Efficient Procedure for Trial Of Criminal Cases. †Police Powers and 9 1. 15.It is heartening to know that many eminent personalities participated in these seminars. Notable among them are Dr. R. Venkataraman, former President of India, Sri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (now Vice-President of India), Sri Arun Jaitley, Honourable Minister for Law, former Chief Justices Sri Ranganath Misra, Sri A. M. Ahmadi, Sri M. H. Kania, Dr. A. S. Anand, former Supreme Court Judges Sri. K. Jayachandra Reddy, Sri. Jaganadha Rao, Sri. K. T. Thomas and many Senior Advocates Sri. Fali Nariman, Sri Soli Sorabjee, Attorney General, Sri K. K. Venugopal, Sri Shantibhushan, Sri. P.P. Rao, Sri V. R. Reddy, Sri. Dipankar P. Gupta, Sri. K. N. Bhat. 1. 16. The Chairman held discussions with Mr. Badri Bahadur Karki, Attorney General of Nepal who is engaged in reforming the criminal prosecution system in his country. The Chairman discussed with Lord Goldsmith, Attorney Gene ral of U. K and held discussion with particular reference to several reforms undertaken in that country. The Chairman and members Professor Madhava Menon and Mr. Subba Rao participated in a video conference on reforms with cock-a-hoop criminal lawyers from U. K. The Chairman and member Mr.Subba Rao visited Paris on the invitation of the French Government to study the Inquisitorial System followed in that country. Similar invitation from USA Agency USAID could not be accepted for want of time. Therefore USAID was good enough to send four experts to New Delhi who beginner the Committee about the salient features of the Criminal Justice System in USA. 1. 17. The Committee made an in-depth study of the materials gathered in respect of all the 19 items mentioned in the earlier paragraph. CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM †AN OVERVIEW:Whatever views one holds about the penal law, no one will question its importance to society.This is the law on which men place their ultimate conviction for protection against all the deepest injuries that human conduct can inflict on individuals and institutions. By the same token, penal law governs the strongest force that we permit official agencies to bring to bear on individuals. Its promise as an instrument of safety is matched only by its power to destroy. nowhere in the entire legal field is more at stake for the community or for the individual. Herbert Wechsler 10 1. 18. There was no criminal law in uncivilized society. Every man was liable to be attacked on his person or property at any time by any one.The person attacked either succumbed or over-powered his opponent. â€Å"A tooth for a tooth, an shopping centre for an eye, a life for a life” was the ascendant of criminal justice. As time advanced, the injured person agreed to accept compensation, instead of killing his adversary. Subsequently, a sliding scale of satisfying ordinary offences came into existence. such a system gave birth to the archaic criminal law. For a long time, the application of these principles remained with the parties themselves, but little by little this function came to be performed by the State. . 19. Since Independence and the promulgation of our Constitution rapid strides have been made in almost all fields. The communication revolution has open(a) the eyes, ears and minds of millions of people, resulting in increasing expectations of an ever growing population. The desire for quick, fair and affordable justice is universal. Protection of life and liberty have been habituated a pre-eminent model in our Constitution by enacting Article 21 as a fundamental right and courtly a duty on the State to protect life and personal liberty of every citizen.Any privation or breach of this valuable right is not permissible unless the procedure prescribed by law for that purpose is just, fair and reasonable. Has the State been able to move up to this promise in a hard measure? The ground reality, however, is that this p recious fundamental right is turning out to be a simple pipe dream to many millions to whom justice is hold up, warp or denied more than its delivery in consistency with the ideals enshrined in the Constitution. The entire existence of the orderly society depends upon sound and efficient functioning of the Criminal Justice System. 1. 20.Latest report of the National Crime Record Bureau, 2000 (NCRB) print by the Ministry of Home Affairs, press outs that in the yr 1951 there were 6,49,728 cognisable crimes under the IPC. This has risen to 17,71,084 in the year 2000. In the year 1953 (figures for 1951 are not available) there were 49,578 violent crimes whereas in the year 2000 the number of violent crimes has change magnitude to 2,38,381 (for the sake of illustration only figures of cognizable IPC crimes have been taken). These figures indicate an abnormal step-up in the number of serious crimes. At the same time the population of the country which was 361. million in 1951 ha s increased to 1002. 1 million in 2000. 11 amalgamated argumentation of Police Strength and of Cases Investigated by the Police in India 1996 to 2000 S. No 1. 2. 1996 intact strength of State Police Forces 1997 1998 1999 2000 9,56,620 9,87,378 10,20,171 10,32,956 10,26,917 3. Workload of Civil Police : count cases investigated by police divided by derive number of investigating officer (ASIs to Inspectors) IPC Cases 16,78,453 16,63,666 17,53,121 17,94,390 17,92,896 SLL Cases 41,95,778 46,00,513 44,09,133 35,47,072 33,66,127 innate issue forth number of cases in which investigation as blameless by the police †58,74,231 62,64,179 61,62,254 53,42,462 51,59,023 IPC Cases SLL Cases 18. 7 17. 8 17. 8 17. 2 16. 5 41. 7 42. 9 39. 3 28. 3 26. 1 60. 4 60. 7 57. 1 45. 5 42. 6 Total Consolidated Statement of Cases Dealt with by the Courts in India from 1996 to 2000 Sl No 1 1996 No. of IPC cases which came up for rivulet during the year including cases pending at the informant of the year 52,97,662 1997 54,81,004 1998 56,60,484 1999 58,90,744 2000 60,23,134 12 Sl No 2 3 4 5 1996 No. of SLL cases which came up for trial during the year including cases pending at the beginning of he year No. of cases in which trial was realised during the year IPC cases SLL cases No. of cases pending trial at the end of the year IPC cases SLL cases Total faith rate of those cases in which trial was completed IPC Cases SLL cases 1997 1998 1999 2000 7120383 7751906 7910411 7219222 6717380 843588 3487815 879928 3732474 895414 3679707 930729 3221158 933181 2518475 4252918 4395644 4585559 4775216 4921710 3259637 3625072 3784163 3506947 3649230 7512555 8020716 8369722 8282163 8570940 37. 8% 38. 2% 37. 4% 39. 6% 41. 8% 87. 3% 87. 9% 86. 7% 87. 9% 81. 4% display board 2 1. 21.Out of every 100 cases (both IPC and SLL crimes) reported to and taken up by the Police for investigation, amid 25 and 30 cases are IPC crimes and the balance is accounted for by SLL crimes. Of the IPC crimes taken up by police for investigation every year, The above statistics suggest that as of investigation is completed by January 2003, assuming that we have a the police in 76% to 80% of crime free society with Police not having to these cases. The corresponding take cognizance of and investigate any percentage in respect of SLL crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and cases is between 85 and 95. he strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency 1. 22. The above statistics wise, (an unrealistic assumption and then! ) it suggest that as of January 2003, will take a minimum of another four geezerhood for the courts to chuck out of all these cases. assuming that we have 13 a crime free society with Police not having to take cognizance of and investigate any crime (either IPC or SLL) from now on and the strength of the trial courts remain at the present level numerically and efficiency wise, (an unrealistic assumption indeed! it will take a minimu m of another four long time for the courts to dispose of all these cases. 1. 23. These figures show that the courts have not been able to cope up with the number of cases that come before them for trial every year. According to parry 1 the number number of complaints received by the police and cases registered during the year 2000 in India is 56,62,773. It is a matter of common knowledge that several persons who are victims of crimes do not complain to the police. During the year 2000 the total number of cases charge-sheeted after investigation is 50,98,304.The total number of cases disposed of by the courts in the year 2000 is 9,32,774. So far as the cases under IPC are concerned, the epitome in the report on page 1 of the NCRB report shows that 79% of IPC cases were investigated in the year 2000, 78. 4% of them were charge-sheeted, 18. 3% of them were tried and 41. 8% of them resulted in conviction. In many Countries want U. K. , U. S. A, France, Japan and Singapore the rate o f conviction is more than 90%. 1. 24. Quality of justice suffers not only when an innocent person is punished or a guilty person is pronounce but when there s enormous delay in deciding the criminal Quality of justice suffers cases. It is a trite saying that justice delayed is not only when an innocent justice denied. send back 25(b) of the NCRB report, person is punished or a 2000 furnishes the term of trial of cases guilty person is exonerated during 2000. It is seen that 10,382 cases of the but when there is enormous duration of 3 to 5 years, 6,503 cases of the delay in deciding the duration of 5-10 years and 2,187 cases of the criminal cases. duration of over 10 years were disposed of by ll the courts in India during 2000. taking more than 3 years (sometimes even 10 years) amounts to denying fair trial. Speedy trial is a right of the accused that flows from Article 21 as held by the Supreme Court. If the accused is acquitted after such long delay one can imagine the Taking more than 3 unnecessary suffering he was subjected to. Many years (sometimes even times such inordinate delay contributes to acquittal 10 years) amounts to of guilty persons either because the evidence is lost or because of lapse of time, or the witnesses do not denying fair trial. emember all the details or the witnesses do not come forward to give true evidence collect to threats, inducement or sympathy. Whatever may be the reason it is justice that becomes a casualty. 14 1. 25. unprotected sections of the society like women, children and other members of weaker sections of society like the Schedule Caste and Schedule Tribes suffer more when the Criminal Justice System fails to live up to expectations. Crime Against Women Sl No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Crime Head violation snatch and Abduction Dowry Death Torture harassment Sexual HarassmentImportation of Girls Sati Prevention Act Immoral commerce (P) Act Indecent Rep. of Women (P) Act 11. Dowry bar Act Total 1998 15151 16351 6975 41376 30959 8054 146 0 8695 190 1999 15468 15962 6699 43823 32311 8858 1 0 9363 222 2000 16496 cl23 6995 45778 32940 11024 64 0 9515 662 region divergence in 2000 over 1999 6. 6 -5. 9 4. 4 4. 5 1. 9 24. 5 63. 0 1. 6 198. 2 3578 131475 3064 135771 2876 141373 -6. 1 4. 1 Year Table 3 Several disturbing features are seen from the figures given in this table. There is a 6. 6% increase in the offence of appal from 1999 to 2000.So far as the percentage of sexual harassment during the same period is concerned, there is an increase of 24. 5%. What is worst is the figures relating to significance of girls obviously for sex which has increased to 63% during 2000. This is kind of shocking. 15 1. 26. So far as offences against children are concerned, Table 4 furnishes information about the incidents of different types of offences against them between 1996 and 2000. Offences Against Children Sl No Crime Head old age piece variation 2000 2000 over over 1996 1999 -23. 3 -0. 7 24 . 5 -10. 1 1996 1. Child bumble . Kidnapping and abduction 3. Procuration of minor girls 4. Selling of girls for prostitution 5. get of girls for prostitution 6. Abetment of Suicide 7. Exposure and giving up 8. Infanticide 9. Foeticide 10. Child marriage restraint act Total 1997 1998 1999 2000 4083 571 4414 620 4153 699 3153 791 3132 711 94 6 87 9 171 11 172 13 147 15 56. 4 150. 0 -14. 5 15. 3 22 13 13 5 53 140. 9 960 11 554 13 582 28 575 24 593 18 660 63. 6 19. 1 -25 11. 2 113 39 89 107 57 78 114 62 56 87 61 58 104 91 92 -8. 8 133. 3 3. 4 19. 5 49. 2 58. 6 5582 5980 5882 4957 5023 -10. 0 1. 3Table 4 The figures show a mixed trend during the last 5 years. There is an increase of 1. 3% from 1999 to 2000. 16 1. 27. So far as incidence of child rape is concerned, there were 744 victims below 10 years and 2,880 victims between of 10 and 16 years. This shows the extent of child demoralise that is prevalent in India and the failure of the system to bear it. This is very disturbing. 1. 28. So far as crime against other weaker sections of the society namely the SC and ST are concerned, the figures for the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 are furnished in the Tables 5 and 6.Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 1998 1. Murder 516 506 526 1999 over 1998 -1. 9 2. Rape 923 1000 1083 8. 3 8. 3 3. Kidnapping & Abduction 253 228 268 -9. 8 17. 5 4. Dacoity 49 36 38 -26. 5 5. 6 5. robbery 150 109 108 -27. 3 -0. 9 6. Arson 346 337 290 -2. 6 -13. 9 7. Hurt 3809 3241 3497 -14. 9 7. 9 8. PCR Act 724 678 672 -6. 3 -0. 9 9. SC/ST 7443 7301 7386 -1. 9 1. 2 11425 11657 11587 2. 0 -0. 6 25638 25093 25455 -2. 1 1. 4 (Prev. of 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 4. 0 Atrocities) Act 10. Others Total Table 5 17 Sl No Crime Head Years Percentage variation in 998 1999 2000 2000 over 1999 59 1999 over 1998 21. 2 66 80 331 384 403 16. 0 4. 9 56 59 48 5. 3 18. 6 1. Murder 2. Rape 3. Kidnapping & Abduction 4. Dacoity 5 3 5 -40. 0 66. 7 5. Robbery 15 8 2 -46. 6 -75. 0 6. Arson 38 43 32 1 3. 2 -25. 6 7. Hurt 638 646 447 1. 2 -30. 8 8. PCR Act 50 45 31 -10. 0 -31. 1 9. SC/ST 709 574 502 -19. 0 -12. 5 2368 2608 2661 10. 1 -2. 0 4276 4450 4190 4. 1 -5. 8 (Prev. of 26. 3 Atrocities) Act 10. Others Total Table 6 In the year 2000 there was an increase of 1. 4% of crimes against the members of SC. So far as the members of the ST are oncerned the figures indicate that there was an Economic crimes like increase in the number of crimes like murder, smuggling, bills laundering, rape, kidnapping, dacoity during 2000 tax evasion, drug trafficking, compared to the figures of the previous year. turpitude and serious economic frauds are feeding the 1. 29. Economic crimes like smuggling, vitals of the nation in a very money laundering, tax evasion, drug big way. trafficking, corruption and serious economic frauds are eating the vitals of the nation in a very big way. Table 7 furnishes information about major frauds reported during 2000.\r\n'