Bad Drivers Are Everywhere

Traffic accidents are as ordinary as anyone’s bacon and egg in their breakfast meals. They are as common as snow in Alaska and as desert in the Middle East. Highway accidents no more shock nor scare anyone for driving. No, not even the ones who have been victims themselves. In a study made by Froedtert & the Medical College of Wisconsin conducted in 2004 to 2005, the researchers found that there were about 90 percent of the respondents have relatives who have experienced car crash. What seems intriguing here is that fact that 56 percent of the respondents never changed their bad driving habits.Staying behind the wheel is not what is risky about driving: the risk lies on the driver. The risk of traffic accidents is not measured by the driver’s age, expertise and knowledge; neither does it depends on the model of the car being driven but rather on the driver’s driving habits. Anyone who wants to know how common bad drivers are? Let anyone list the habits of a good driver and the bad driver as well and you will see that it is easier to list bad driving habits than the good ones.The Wisconsin Department of Transportation reported an about 800 fatalities due to motor vehicle traffic crashes (C. Sadler). Of this figure, 42 percent were alcohol-related, 33 percent is speed-related and 19 percent was attributed to the influence of both. IN a separate study made by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 2005, motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for 15-20 year olds. The list of the causes of these accidents is quite long and all of the items are bad driving habits.It ranges from not wearing seatbelts, eating and drinking while driving, answering calls and even texting. The list goes on with tailgating and over speeding to the weird habit of applying make up while driving. So what directly causes the accidents is the driver’s inattention. â€Å"Driver inattention is the most prevalent cause of collisions†, reported the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The same study also revealed the top five bad driving habits that they have done in the last thirty days.Seventy nine percent had the habit of changing the radio station or CD and 61 % did exceed the speed limit as well as driving without both hands in the steering wheel. Fifty one percent honestly admitted answering calls and 45% were eating while driving. Bad driving habits make a bad driver. If traffic accidents statistics are to be the basis, I can say that we really have too many bad drivers on the road. â€Å"People can often assume they are better drivers than they actually are† (M. German). The main point here is that drivers often place a high regard on their driving abilities and skills.They often put too much confidence on their driving that they tend to forget that they are on the road and not simply sitting on their couches at home. So what am I driving at? I mean what am I trying to point out here? Dr iving is not all about skills, abilities and experience; it is about discipline. If every driver just conforms to traffic rules and regulations, there will be lesser road accidents. If every driver just brings a dose of patience on their way, then there should have been lesser vehicle collisions caused by drivers who wanted to own the highways.If parents and elders just teach and show their children the right driving attitude, there should have been much less of the teens that represent 14% of the driving fatalities (AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety). There should not have been about 31,000 of them, aging from 15 to 17 years old who were killed in crashes (AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 1995 to 2004). Elders should do less of the driving habits like talking on the phone, listening to music, eating and speeding in order to shape the younger generation into disciplined drivers. The law must make sure that the road is close for bad drivers.

Theory Comparrison

Write 550- to 750 Provide a formal definition for ethics with citations, references etc. Describe the differences between theories Describe the similarities between each theory Describe how each theory addresses ethics and morality Tell me based on your own morals and ethics, which theories do you think you most closely follow in your life (there is no right or wrong answer) Ethics is the science of right and wrong in human action. (Boylan, 2009). Many theories exist that explores how people come to what they believe is the right or wrong decision.A few examples include virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and deontology. Virtue ethics’ position is that we become good when we cultivate excellence (virtue) by pursuing the moderate course between excess and defect. (Boylan, 2009, p. 133) This basically means that this theory considers how humans should interact with each other meaning that there is a right way and a wrong way. Utilitarianism suggests that an action is morally right wh en that action produces more total utility for the group as a consequence than any other alternative does (Boylan, 2009, p. 53) Those who practice utilitarianism take into consideration all of the consequences and each action. Utilitarianism can be divided into two theories; act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is the interpretation of utilitarianism that says that each moral situation should be subjected to the utilitarian formula â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number. † (Boylan, 2009, p. 164) This idea of ethical decision making seems to be the least emotional due to the fact that it is pure numbers in the equation. This might hurt one person but more people will benefit from it.Rule utilitarianism says that each moral situation should be guided first by prima facie rules (that themselves are justified by utilitarianism). Thus, the agent assesses a situation on act utilitarian principles but within a framework of prima facie rules that can override appa rent act-utilitarian outcomes. (Boylan, 2009, p. 164) Unlike, act utilitarianism, rule utilitarianism considers injustices of an individual for the greater good whereas act utilitarianism does not. Deontology is the moral theory that suggests that an agent’s duty is based upon principle.The theory bases its duties on the nature of human reason or on the nature of human action. It asserts the existence of moral facts and so is a moral realist theory. (Boylan, 2009, p. 171) This idea goes along with the notion that each person has a built in moral code. A person will do the right thing even though they know there will consequences. There are similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Each theory has it’s own ideas regarding ethics and morality regarding the individual and society.Consequences and benefits differ with each theory. Virtue theory states that humans have virtues for the sake of what is good and right and the se virtues are the supreme human good. Virtues drive our tendencies for behavior and control how we feel and interpet things. Living a good life is living a virtuous life within society. A person’s actions are the direct results and reflection of an individual’s morals and virtues. Utilitarian theory is concerned with the maximum benefit or good for the greatest number of people.The outcome with the greatest benefits for greatest numbers is always the desired result. However, the greatest good for the majority should not come at the expense of harming the minority. The minority may have to endure some individual sacrifice so that the greatest numbers in society can realize the greatest good. Deontology is concerned with the meaning behind ethical decisions and conduct instead of end results or outcome. It looks at how an individual is obligated to act in terms of right and wrong conduct.It is the individual’s duty and obligation to follow the law and it is accep table to harm some people for the greater good and benefit. Utilitarian theory is less concerned with the individual because all that matters is an outcome the benefits the most people. It focuses more on actions of the majority to create the greatest good and outcome. However, there is always a minority and those people will not always benefit under this system. The majority needs to have good values and morals for society to flourish and benefit. Virtue and deontology theories have more focus on the individual and.

A New Intervention to Reduce Anhedonia in Schizophrenia

Meta-analyses of cognitive behavioral therapy for positive symptoms of schizophrenia have demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing hallucinations or delusions. In schizophrenia â€Å"negative symptoms’ refer to a reduction of normal functioning, and it encompasses apathy, anhedonia, flat effect, avolition, social withdrawal, and, sometimes, psychomotor retardation. The purpose of this study is the idea that Anhedonia is a challenging symptom of schizophrenia and remains largely recalcitrant to current pharmacological treatments. The goal of this exploratory pilot study was to assess if a cognitive-sensory intervention could improve anticipatory pleasure. Results show that the patients improved on the anticipatory scale of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale. Daily activities of the patients were also increased. In nursing research, it has been shown that the sense of mastery is negatively correlated with negative symptoms or even with the fact of being left alone. Two research questions were addressed in a sample of five participants. Does cognitive-sensory training in anticipatory pleasure in persons with schizophrenia? Does cognitive-sensory training in anticipatory pleasure lead to an increase in the number and complexity of daily activities performed by persons with schizophrenia? They did not expect that anticipatory pleasure cognitive skills training would directly improve consummatory pleasure. If persons with schizophrenia show a deficit in their ability to anticipate pleasure rather than consummatory pleasure, then it becomes possible to consider cognitive training might help these individuals anticipate pleasure from foreseeable, future activities. I feel the author did a good job using literature to support their predictions and I was convinced by their argument. The author used well supporting concepts to prove their points as they discussed theories about Anticipatory Pleasure Skills Training: A New Intervention to Reduce Anhedonia in Schizophrenia. I particularly liked the idea that they did a two year comprehensive program including assertive community treatment, social skills training, and multifamily therapy groups that led to significantly less positive and negative symptoms, less comorbid substance buse, and significantly greater satisfaction with treatment. The author thought a more specific and symptom-centered approach because they felt it might lead to specific improvement in a shorter period of time. This symptom-specific strategy has been used in other studies for positive symptoms, allowing the development of successful specific therapeutic techniques. The case studies presented in this article highlight the use of this specific symptom approach for Anhedonia. Anhedonia has been defined as a reduction in the ability to experience pleasure. It has been regarded as a core clinical feature of schizophrenia. Research has produced a paradoxical set of findings, raising questions about its nature. Individuals with schizophrenia typically report experiencing lower levels of pleasure in their daily lives than non-patients on self-report measures of trait social and physical Anhedonia. Anticipatory pleasure is linked to motivational processes that promote goal-directed behaviors; consummatory pleasure is associated with satiety. The Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale is a trait measure of pleasure that distinguishes between â€Å"momentary pleasure† and â€Å"anticipation of future pleasure activities. The illumination of a new way of conceptualizing Anhedonia in schizophrenia permits redefinition and calibration of the symptom complex as a target for treatment. If persons with schizophrenia show a deficit in their ability to anticipate pleasure rather than consummatory pleasure, then it becomes possible to consider that cognitive training might help these individuals anticipate pl easure from foreseeable, future activities. Greater ability to anticipate pleasure would lead to a meaningful increase in spontaneous daily activities performed. Five participants were included in this pilot study. The participants were recruited from the regular clinical practices of the authors. The first and second authors were working in a mobile team of a community psychiatry outpatient service. The different members of this team worked as clinical case managers and were specialized in engaging difficult-to-reach patients in a comprehensive recovery program including therapeutic, occupational, and vocational services. The third author was working in a nursing home for psychiatric patients. The intervention was proposed to the patient when Anhedonia was reported as a challenging behavior impeding improvement in the care of the patient. To be included, participants had to be on a moderate dose of maintenance antipsychotic medication, with stable dosage for at least the past 3 months, and not be suffering from a major depression (score less than 12 on the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia [CDSS]). As the intervention was delivered in the routine care, signed informed consent to use the gathered data was obtained retrospectively for patients 1, 2, and 3. The internal review board of the nursing home approved the study, and patients 4 and 5 signed the informed consent form before their participation in the study. The participants were four men and one woman. All participants met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition, Text Revision) criteria for schizophrenia (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Diagnosis was obtained at the referral time with discussion with the referring psychiatrist. Participant 1 left school by the age of 16 and had no further education or training. He had been housebound for 3 years except during acute somatic or psychiatric care. Participants 2 and 3 were working part time in competitive employment. Participants 1 and 2 lived at home with their parents; participant 3 lived alone in her own apartment. Participants 4 and 5 had been institutionalized in a nursing home for 14 years and 30 years, respectively, and did not work. Participants 1, 4, and 5 had a history of alcohol abuse. Participant 1 used cannabis when friends visited him at home. The intervention is a cognitive-sensory intervention that aims at increasing anticipatory pleasure. Participants are trained in state of relaxation to anticipate pleasure from potential enjoyable activities and to get the sensation of the pleasure in their bodies. The different steps of the program are described below. 1. Building the rationale for the intervention. The rationale is built by asking questions to participants in order to elicit the importance of being able to anticipate pleasure from future activities, and the links between desire and motivation. Examples of these questions are: How do you prompt yourself to engage in activities? What makes an activity more or less attractive? What are your criteria to assess if the effort to engage in an activity is worthwhile? 2. List of pleasant activities. The therapist and the patient will list past enjoyable activities that the person would like to resume, actual activities that the person would like to increase, and novel activities associated with new roles that the person would like to assume. For example, a participant who wants to be closer to his/her sister could engage in the activity of preparing a dinner for his/her sister and her boyfriend. . Classifying activities according to their difficulty. These listed activities are then classified according to the difficulty and complexity of the task. The classification is done from easy-to-do to difficult-to-do. Examples of simple activities are (a) going to the corner of the street and having a kebab, (b) taking a walk with a good friend, (c) taking a shower, etc. Complex activities related to social or professional roles are split in smaller reachable units before engaging in a more challenging activity. For example, going to the stadium to support one's favorite hockey team could be split in a more achievable goal such as inviting a friend to watch one's team on TV if going to a crowded sports arena is an obstacle to engaging in the activity. 4. Anticipating pleasure. During the first sessions, the therapist uses standardized material to teach the anticipatory skills. The material is composed of attractive picture-viewing activities such as biting an appetizing apple, drinking a frothy coffee presented in a lovely cup, or walking in a beautiful park. In subsequent sessions, the training focuses on the activities listed with the patient. At the beginning of each session, as patients may be â€Å"contaminated† by co-occurring unpleasant emotions (Horan, Green, Kring, & Nuechterlein, 2006), the therapist will start with a mindfulness or relaxation exercise to help the patient be in a comfortable, pleasant emotional state. Then, the patient is asked to imagine doing the chosen activity. The therapist guides the patient to imagine the sensations linked to the activity through the senses involved (sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste). The patient is invited to remember past positive experiences of the activity (e. g. , Imagine that you are smelling the odor of the best kebab you have ever eaten . . . Feel the smell of the grilled meat in your nose . . . Concentrate on this odor . . . Try to feel it as vividly as possible). The patient is asked to anticipate pleasant emotions (e. g. , Feel the sensations associated with the joy of being with your friend . . . You told me that this friend is funny . . . Imagine the sensations that go with laughing. Scan your body and remember how it is to laugh . . . ). According to the anticipated activity, the patient may be guided to anticipate the feeling of accomplishment (e. g. , Feel the contentment of getting out of the shower. . . How is it to feel clean and fresh? Try to get this feeling fully . . . Anticipate the sensation of reward. . . How is it? ). If the patient shows difficulty in imagining sensations and feelings, pictures can be presented. Patients have to assess their desire to perform the activity on a 5-point scale before and after each exercise. 5. Prescribing homework exercises. As participants develop anticipatory pleasure skills, the therapist prescribes homework exercises. After participants accomplish single activities in daily living, more difficult activities are trained. Participant 1 received 10 hours of training at home, aimed at giving him the desire to go outside. Participants 2 and 3 received, respectively, 25 hours and 20 hours of training at the therapist's office. Participants 4 and 5 received 11 sessions of 1. 5 hours of training each in a weekly group session. Instruments: The therapists have administrated the instruments as clinical tools to assess anticipatory and consummatory pleasure, time budget, negative symptoms, and depression. The TEPS. The TEPS measures momentary pleasure and pleasure in anticipation of future activities. It is an 18-item self-report measure of trait, and anticipatory (10 items) and consummatory (8 items) pleasure (Gard et al. , 2006). The validation of the French version of the TEPS shows psychometric characteristics similar to the original version (Favrod et al. , 2009) with a satisfactory internal and external validity. The mean theoretical range of the two scales goes from 1 to 6; higher scores indicate more pleasure. The scale was administrated in pretests and posttests. The Time Budget Measure: The measure developed by Jolley et al. (2005, 2006) takes the form of a weekly diary completed retrospectively during a structured interview with the participant. In completing the measure, interviewers probe for activities, degree of independence in activities, and number and nature of social contacts. They also check that the week is a typical or average week, and, if not, complete the time budget on a different occasion to assess an average week. Each day is divided into four time blocks (morning, lunchtime, afternoon, evening). Each time period or block is then rated from 0 to 4 as below: 0 = nothing – lying, thinking, sleeping, sitting, etc. , 1 = predominantly passive activity (e. g. , watching TV, listening to the radio), 2 = an independent activity requiring some planning and motivation, but relatively simple or brief (e. g. , a walk to the local shops to get cigarettes, tidying room, washing up, preparing a simple meal for oneself), 3 = several two-rated activities completely filling a time period, sounding ‘busy', or a more complex and demanding, but unvaried or shorter activity (e. g. a visit involving public transport, prolonged social contact with others), and 4 = time period filled with a variety of demanding independent activities requiring significant motivation and planning, and with some variation in tasks (e. g. , work, a course of study, a trip out requiring organization). When more than one activity is present, the highest scoring activity is rated. There are 28 time blocks for the week, and the total possible score ranges from 0 to 112. The time budget was not used for the patients in the nursing home because the time-budget of these patients depended on the institutional routine. The week assessed should be a typical or average week, and if not, the time budget is completed in relation to a week chosen to be more representative. Time budget has a satisfactory criterion and construct validity, and shows good inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability (Jolley et al. , 2005, 2006). In the present study, the participants were interviewed on their time budget starting from the day before the assessment meeting until 7 days before this meeting. The time budget was assessed in pretests and posttests. The CDSS. The CDSS was used to assess depressive symptoms (Addington, Addington, Maticka-Tyndale, & Joyce, 1992). The CDSS is a largely validated interview-based measure that has been shown to assess depression rather than positive, negative, or extrapyramidal symptoms (Addington, Addington, & Maticka-Tyndale, 1993, 1994; Addington et al. , 1992). The scale is validated in French (Lan?on, Auquier, Reine, Bernard, & Toumi, 2000; Lan?on, Auquier, Reine, Toumi, & Addington, 1999). The CDSS was administrated in pretest only to assess the severity of depression. Depression defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition, Text Revision) criteria for major depressive episode corresponds to a mean score of 11. 8 (standard deviation [SD] = 3. 8) on the CDSS (Kim et al. , 2006). The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms Anhedonia/ Asociality. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) assesses five symptom complexes to obtain clinical ratings of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. They are affective blunting, alogia (impoverished thinking), avolition/apathy, anhedonia /asociality, and disturbance of attention. The final symptom complexes seem to have less obvious relevance to negative symptoms compared with the other four complexes. Assessments are conducted on a 6-point scale (0 = not at all to 5 = severe; Andreasen, 1989). The SANS is a valid instrument (Peralta & Cuesta, 1995); however, interrater reliability is reduced when clinicians use it in comparison to highly trained research assistants (Norman, Malia, Cortese, & Diaz, 1996). In the present study, only the anhedonia /asociality scale of the SANS was administrated in the pretest to assess the severity of Anhedonia. I feel the researchers can test their predictions using these methods because of what lengths they went to in presenting their techniques. They incorporated a lot of various useful ideas when testing their participants. Many angles were used to go into full detail in what steps were taken to evaluate each participant in this study. The authors I feel gave a very detail analysis of each step that was taken as to not leave out any variables in each case scenario. A cognitive-sensory training package focusing on anticipating future pleasant feelings about performing activities appears to improve anticipatory pleasure as measured by the TEPS. The high RCI indicates that the posttest scores of the anticipatory pleasure scale are reflecting important change for the five participants. These results, although preliminary, are very interesting because Anhedonia remains a particularly challenging symptom. Our second question related to whether an increase in anticipatory pleasure would be accompanied by an increase in daily activities. Concurrently, change in anticipatory pleasure, as measured by the scale, was accompanied by an increase in activity for the three participants for whom it was possible to fulfill the time budget. Participant 4 had been ritually visiting his mother once a week for years before training. At the end of the training, the nursing home team observed that the patient had added in every week a new spontaneous activity such as going to town to do shopping, planning a little trip, or spontaneously organizing an appointment with the hairdresser outside of the nursing home. Participant 5 had been accomplishing five household chores a day for many years and did not change his program at the end of the training. The participant had been institutionalized for a great part of his life. In previous work, we found a significant negative correlation between anticipatory pleasure and the avolition/apathy of the SANS (Favrod et al. , 2009). This correlation was lower than the one with the Anhedonia/asociality scale of the SANS, indicating a weaker link between these two variables. Apathy and avolition are probably associated with anticipatory pleasure. However, several other variables may affect activity and willingness, such as planning skills, motor skills, reinforcements provided by the environment, etc. The results indicated that the training did not seem to improve consummatory pleasure as a consequence of an increase in anticipatory pleasure. The lack of follow-up assessment did not allow observation of an eventual delay for improvement in consummatory pleasure as a consequence of improvement of anticipatory pleasure and engagement in new activities. Another explanation could be that both kinds of pleasure have some independence between them. Anticipatory pleasure is linked to motivational processes and consummatory pleasure with satiety processes. I feel the researchers did a very good job in describing every detail of their research. My reaction to this article is that I think Pleasure Skills Training can really help people with schizophrenia if done properly over an extended period of time under the right conditions. I as well sense that the article does contribute something interesting and important to the field. Individuals with schizophrenia already have a hard enough time in life and to go on living without experiencing a sense of pleasure is disheartening. This study shows that people living with schizophrenia if trained with the right circumstances can eventually learn how to experience pleasure. I felt this article was presented well and easy to read with what was presented. Going through this article it was clear where each step was and what was going on. The authors used wording appropriate to this article without using too much technical jargon where it was not needed. The readability for me was quite familiar because I have had to do assignments like this before. I think when any author presents an empirical article to the world where others besides advanced Psychologists read it; they indeed try and make it easily readable so that their ideas presented get across in the best way possible.

Microeconomics Discussion Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Microeconomics Discussion Questions - Coursework Example The dispersed sponsorship of many interested parties also expands the costs of the advertising and revenues over a larger pool of potential recipients. In the end, the provision of these seemingly enormous salaries is craftily calculated to ensure that the highest bidder gets to retain Jordon’s talents for maximum return. Economic rent is â€Å"any excess payment for a service, good or property above and beyond the minimum amount at which the person receiving payment would still have agreed to the deal.† It refers to the money above and beyond the minimum amount to employ a given resource or employee in this case. There is certainly what some would refer to as inflated salaries in professional sports where about 60% of the revenue goes to a few employees in the company. At the other end of the spectrum, one can visit any number of fast food restaurants and discover that all the employees are making more than minimum wage because the rents are required to attract service staff. Whether a college student, entrepreneur or salaried employee, companies and entities have to offer salaries above and beyond what will satisfy simply keeping the lights on.

Strategic Development of Managing Global Talent Essay

Strategic Development of Managing Global Talent - Essay Example The first principle is that, the company should base its management in the decisions based on the long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. This shows that the company development and training are given a priority to other matters in the organization. Moreover, the company has realized that the standardized processes are the foundation for continuous improvement. This forms their second principle, which is applied to talent development through standardized work and job instruction during training. In addition, the company encourages the growth of leaders who done thoroughly understand their work while at the same time encourage the leaders to teach the philosophy to other employees. This will play a major role in ensuring that the employees are well aware of their job demands and will therefore give favorable to their supervisors. It also encourages in job training, which aims at instilling new skills to the employees to gain quality production.Furtherm ore, Toyota Motor Corporation has a policy to develop exceptional people and teams who will follow the company’s philosophy and policies. This is done through retaining the best talent and training the emerging talent so that they can all achieve a certain objective. This is mainly done in line with the company’s strategic management objectives. The company also respects their suppliers by challenging them and helping them improves. This demonstrates a holistic approach to talent management.... All the above criteria will be used in the relation to the advantage of management capital, human capital, social capital, and the organization capital (Hancock, 2003, p.3). Aims and Objectives The Toyota motor corporation uses some policies and philosophies, which aims at achieving consumer satisfaction in the use of their products. One of their greatest policies and philosophy is that they do not only build cars, but people too. This is realized in the importance of their quality cars, which play a great role in offering transport to the people. However, the corporation faces a challenge in their management that is brought about by the managers. This occurs in that the managers want to play more roles in the management than in teaching. Teaching is the fundamental of all management as it involves instilling new ideas to the people that is the employees of the organization. This led to the company to employ the 14-point model of operations of which 6 points relate to the development of talent. The 14-Point Model The first principle is that, the company should base its management in the decisions based on the long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term financial goals. This shows that the company development and training are given a priority to other matters in the organization. Moreover, the company has realized that the standardized processes are the foundation for continuous improvement. This forms their second principle, which is applied to talent development through standardized work and job instruction during training. In addition, the company encourages the growth of leaders who thoroughly understand their work while at the same time encourage the leaders to teach the philosophy to other

How science textbooks provide philosophical normative or celebratory Essay

How science textbooks provide philosophical normative or celebratory -- accounts of science - Essay Example However, the main aim of philosophy is to uncover what exactly qualifies as a science, the efficiency of scientific theories it comes with and the primary rationale for science itself. Scientific textbooks act as basis for understanding various accounts of science in different perspectives. Basically, this essay recognizes the fact that these textbooks are indeed fundamental in understanding both philosophical normative and celebratory accounts of science. Perhaps, the principal question is whether they offer adequate normative and celebratory accounts of science. The above thesis is supported by a look at both normative and celebratory accounts as follows. Usually, normative accounts of science involve an attempt to relate certain reasoning to an ultimate model while basing such reasoning to what is perceived to be right and normal. Scientific textbooks do make claims on how things should be, how to rate them, the identity of good and bad, and recognition of the wrong and right components of the claims. Arguably, the normative nature of a statement is independent of whether it is verifiable, can be verified or majority held. Significantly, normative claims and their meanings are an important part of human life. They help man in his daily organization and thought planning. Thus, they are essential to decision making especially those involving distinction of political and ethical discourses. Therefore, the use of scientific textbooks in understanding philosophical normative contexts is without doubt a beneficial way of appreciating scientific accounts (Achinstein 51). On the other hand, these textbooks also offer a basis for understanding philosophical celebratory accounts of science. Science attempts to unravel certain happenings and explain why they are exactly so. Scientific realists assert that the main aim of science is to state the truth and that individuals should consider

Identity, Authority and Freedom; The Potentate and the Traveler by Essay

Identity, Authority and Freedom; The Potentate and the Traveler by Said Edward W - Essay Example He believes that the missing element of criticism which is lacking in academies or educational institutes in most parts of the world is something that needs to be added to academic life to resolve issues of politics which include race, gender, religion, national identity and culture. The fact is, that most people are convicted of stereotyping, being ethnocentric, geocentric or faced with a national superiority or a supremacy over other cultures (Said, 2005). Analysis and Evaluation The problem highlighted by the author here relates to identity, authority and freedom of speech and expression in the world in general. The fact that, nothing in this world is seen in isolation but is relative to other things or dependent on other elements such as culture, religion, geographic similarity, religion, nationality or politics. In light of social sciences and humanities, the author considers race, gender, ethnicity and religion as political factors that hinder learning and knowledge at all leve ls especially in the academia which is suffering from a lack of academic freedom as the author terms it. He believes that academics forms a basis of what the students would later be like once they leave the academic institute and the social, political and general environment is what defines their future and how they deal with adversities.

Astronmy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Astronmy - Essay Example Knowledge on astronomy is also used in navigation, planting strategies, and explaining the origin of earth and its nature. The Greeks incorporated astronomy into their beliefs, mythology, religion and superstitions (Heath, 1991). One of the earliest writings on astronomy is Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, also known as the oldest-manual of astronomy. It provided information on constellations, stars, eclipses, and meteor showers. It also described how ancient people used stars in traveling both land and sea. Iliad also includes the idea that Earth is flat surfaced, an idea which is widely accepted then (Wood, 1999). It was also said that Thales, one of the Seven Sages or the Seven Wise Men of Greece, was able to predict an approximate time of an eclipse and devised a navigating system using the constellation Ursa Minor (Dreyer, 1953). Ancient Greeks used astronomy as a tool that can aid them in their everyday lives. An example of this is Solon’s calendar. The calendar, which is based mainly from his observation of the moon, which lead to the discovery and understanding of seasons provided the Greeks knowledge with better planting schemes and became vital for good food production (Ehrenberg, 1973). Aside from calendars, Greeks were also introduced to sundials by Anaximader of Miletus around 560 B.C. Although sundials are said to be originally discovered by the Babylonians, the Greeks were able to develop and make various forms of sundials (Aveni, 1989). Many people see the hands of God in studying the heavenly bodies, and the Greeks used astronomy as a means to see, understand and commune with God. As a result, astronomy and religion are closely related in Greek civilization. Names of planets are derived from Greek mythology, which is a great part of their religion (Heath, 1991). Several speculations were made by early Greek philosophers. One of them is Pythagoras, who provided the idea that

Fibonacci, Mathematician of the Middle Ages Essay

Fibonacci, Mathematician of the Middle Ages - Essay Example Camposanto was mostly got ruined in 1944 and had to be expansively repaired. After a few years, revelation to the waterside climate started to take its charge on the sculpture and finally it was taken away, reinstated, cleaned and then returned to its old position next to Pisa's other memorable people, a place where it fits in. Leonardo was an Italian mathematician who was the initial brilliant Western mathematician right after the turn down of the Greek science. (Britannica Online Encyclopedia, 2008). Leonardo was born in 1170, Pisa, Italy. His father namely Guglielmo, was also call by the name Bonaccio. Leonardo's mother, Alessandra, passed away when he was nine years old. He was one of the leading and talented mathematicians of his time. At his time, performing even the easiest arithmetical problems with a non positional detail was a hard endeavor. For solving a particular problem, the merchants were strained to resort to the abacus. Fibonacci showed the new alternate computing technique which was based on printed algorithms somewhat better than on counting bits and pieces. Fibonacci traveled extensively in Barbary together with his father and was shortly derived on to the business tours to Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily and Provencal. He appears to have educated a good deal of his arithmetic in Barbary. All through the Mediterranean globe to learned Hindu and Arabic math under the most important Arab mathematicians of that era. He identified that arithmetic with Hindu figures is uncomplicated and more proficient than with Roman figures. However, Leonardo came back from his journey in 1200. Leonardo became a harmonious guest of the Emperor Frederick II who has the benefit of understanding arithmetic and science. Though, in 1240, the Republic of Pisa privileged Leonardo by giving him the name as Leonardo Bigollo and giving him his first pay. (Grimm, R. E., 1973). He wrote numerous important books which played a significant part in revitalizing prehistoric mathematical proficiency and he made noteworthy contributions of his own by himself. At the age of 32, in 1202, Leonardo wrote his first book namely Liber Abaci, which means "the book of abacus or book of calculation." After his first book got published, he wrote various books, therefore, Practica Geometriae in 1220, Flos and Liber Quadratorum published in 1225. Though, he wrote some other books as well, which regrettably, are lost. However, his work in number theory was totally ignored and almost unidentified all through in the Middle Ages. (Charles Burnett. January 14, 2005). Liber Abaci - 1202 Liber Abaci is also pronounced as Liber Abbaci. Its label has two familiar conversions, The Book of the Abacus or The Book of Calculation. In this book, Fibonacci brought in to Europe the Arabic figures, a most important part of our decimal structure, which he had studied by learning with Arabs at the same time when he was living in North Africa with his father. In interpretation of Liber Abaci, it is useful to be aware of Fibonacci's information for rational figures, a data that is intermediary in figure amid the Egyptian fractions, which was normally applied until

Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Econometrics - Essay Example Apple still sells its computer directly to the customers using an online store through various outlets in the global domain (Geweke, Horowitz and Pesaran, 2008). At the same time, Apple stores sell its products via other retail outlets such as the mass-market distributors. By comparison, Apple and Gateway are almost equal in their size. They also respond to their business challenges using similar market strategies. The two firms are experiencing various significant difficulties in the present market. The death of Steve Jobs particularly affects Apple’s stock return and causes it to decline in its entire economy and financial performance. This is especially true with the sales of personal computers. The accounting practices of Apple Inc. are strongly harmonious with the international standard and give a declining performance in comparison with the Jobs time. The two companies Apple and Gateway show a revenues decline for the years between 2011 and 2013. Apple declined by 16.7% while Gateway declined by 14.6% from 2012 to 2013. During the fall in revenue for the two companies, Apple managed to reduce its operating expenditure by 4%. In the event, Apple is operating revenue reduced by 43 % (Angrist & Pischke, 2010). Apple also had positive results from its investments as well as in the interest income. On the other hand, Gateway experienced negative results in the same aspects. The collective impacts of the different performances were very poor for Gateway as opposed to Apple. Between the year 2011 and 2013 Apple declined in net income by 54.7%. Apple had a momentous operational return as far as liquidity is concerned. Its quick ratio had doubled. Profitability and Return on Equity increased almost 69 times while its inventory management increased more than ten times faster. These factors were the driving force for the fundamental financial features and differences. The fundamental factor for the negative developments in Apple after the

Ryanair marketing strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ryanair marketing strategies - Essay Example According to the research findings Ryanair began its operations in 1985 with a single 15-seater plane, primarily a conventional airline from Dublin and Waterford in the Ireland Republic to London. During the initial years of operations, the airline faced significant financial challenges, which led to losses in the company. After an analysis of its marketing strategies, the company decided to re-launch in 1990/1991 as a â€Å"no frills†, low cost air carrier, replicating the business model of American Southwest Airline. Since then, price has been the integral marketing strategy of the company, promoting and maintaining its growth in the European low-cost airline industry. These changes were the ideas of Michael O’Leary, initially the financial controller of the company. O’Leary, now the chief executive officer at the company, persuaded Tony Ryan (owner) to redress financial issues affecting the company at the time. He developed a marketing strategy based on Americ an Southwest Airlines, introducing the concept of low-cost, â€Å"no frills† in the airline. These changes stemmed the losses of the company, as well as turning the venture into a huge success. According to statistics, the company posted a profit after tax of 303million dollars in 2006, a 13% increase from that recorded in 2005. Currently, the airline operates in more than 146 routes to 84 different destinations in 16 countries, carrying more than 15 million passengers annually. Further, the airline plans to become the largest airliner in Europe in a few years. By any standards, one can consider the company as successful, primarily based on its growth in the market as well as its profitability. 2. Mission and Strategy The objective of Ryanair is to be the largest and leading low-cost airline in Europe through continuous expansions and improvements in its low-cost services. The primary objective that are in place to achieve this include, low-cost fare, industry-leading custome r service, strong commitment to quality and safety maintenance, flight services on short-haul routes, leveraging the internet, and low operating costs that address personnel productivity, aircraft and equipment, airport access fees and customer service costs. The principal policy of Ryanair is to offer the lowest flight fares available from any carrier (Gugenheimer, 2006:67). For instance, the company often matches the prices of a competitor if they lower their prices. Consequently, one may consider this anomaly given that the company has a strong commitment to provide quality customer service, but these two strategic elements are complementary insofar as the company is concerned. Ryanair strategically uses small regional airports for its flight operations, keeping the operations costs low as well as providing a less congested traffic alternative for its customers travelling, thus less delays. Additionally, the frequent, short-haul flights do not require provision of complex service s such as food and drinks, as they are rather short compared

MBA sem 1 Essay Example for Free

MBA sem 1 Essay Parts of vision statement 1. The core values are those things very close to your heart that you will not give up at any cost. It can be integrity (for example, I will never cheat on the taxes I have to pay) or quality (I will never use a lower quality wood), etc. Usually we say that you should have only 4 to 6 core values. Of course, personal values and business values may differ. For example, love may be a very important personal value but it may not be so relevant in your business of furniture though it can be relevant if you were having a home for the aged. 2. Core purpose is the purpose of the organization, for example, to make furniture. This is something that you want to achieve within the framework of our core values. It gives the achievement orientation to the business and therefore the focus. When we get an opportunity to expand or sell off and if we are in a decision dilemma, this acts as another light house. we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in (b) Differentiate between ‘process’ and ‘tasks’ (Parts of vision statement, Difference between process and tasks) Answer: Processes Process is a set of logical activities that lead to some final or interim output. For example, taking pieces of wood, making it smooth, cutting it, making grooves, connecting them, finishing them, and polishing them are processes to create a table. These have to be done in some logical sequence. This is what a process is. Let us now look at we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q2. Planning is called as the cornerstone of management. Define planning and describe the importance of planning. Explain the types of planning. (Definition of planning, Importance of planning, Types of planning) 2,3,5 Answer: Definition and Importance of Planning Planning can be defined as a basic management function which enables one to select the purpose of the business, and how the resources should be mustered to achieve that purpose to include using the available resources optimally to do that. Planning implies goal setting for the organization keeping in mind the constraints, opportunities, and threats as much as what the person or business which is planning wants to do. Thus, a plan is a blueprint for goal achievement, a blue print that specifies the necessary resource allocations, schedules, tasks, and other actions to achieve the purpose. A goal is a desired future state that the organization attempts to reach. Goals are important because an organization exists for a purpose, and goals define and state that purpose. Goals specify future ends; plans we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we hav e different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q3. What is meant by ‘span of control’? Differentiate between narrow span of control and wide span of control. What are the factors that influence the span of control? (Meaning of ‘span of control’ ,Difference between narrow span of control and wide span of control, Factors that influence the span of control) 2,3,5 Answer: Span of control The number of subordinates that a manager or supervisor can directly control. This number varies with the type of work: complex, variable work reduces it to six, whereas routine, fixed work increases it to twenty or more. we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or mail us on [emailprotected] web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q4 Define Organizational behavior. What are the various approaches to Organizational behavior? (Definition of OB, Approaches to OB) 2, 8 Answer: Definition of OB: OB can be defined as a systematic study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups and organizational factors on productivity to include effectiveness and efficiency, absentee, turnover, organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction. ? By systematic study we mean looking at relationships and attempting to attribute causes and effects, and drawing conclusions based on scientific evidence. ? By productivity we mean a performance measure that includes both effectiveness (achievement of goals) and efficiency (ratio on output versus input required to achieve it). ? By absenteeism we mean failure to report to work especially without informing. ? we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or ? mail us on [emailprotected] ? web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in ? www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in a whole is to function effectively. Q5. Perception is the way we see and interpret things. Explain the importance of such ‘perception’. What are the factors affecting perception? (Importance of perception, Factors affecting perception) 4,6 Answer: Importance of perception Perception is perhaps the most important aspect of OB that we use in our daily life and in management. The importance of perception is: ? While creating vision for an organization, our perception of the future and the way things should be is a deciding factor. ? While making strategy, out perception of the opportunities and threats make us see the same situation differently. ? Perception gives the impetus to seek more information to make more rational decisions e.g., the perception of Rakhi on the situation of the bakery in trouble, made her travel and talk to the employees to gain more information. If she had perceived what the manager did was right or that it is too small a thing to intervene, she would not have made the effort to find out more information. ? we can provide u Fall 2013 fully solved assignment in rs 500/sem . you can make 5 installment of 100-100 rupees thats proof we are not fake. and we have different set of assignment for many student so. smu mba assignment Fall/summer season 2013 sem (I , II , III , IV) in only 500/ sem ( 6 sub) or 100/ question paper. we provide unique assignment. our assignment provide you good marks. call us 08273413412 , 08791490301 or ? mail us on [emailprotected] ? web- www.aapkiseva.blogspot.in ? www.assignmenthelpforall.blogspot.in Q6. Give the definition and importance of ‘motivation’. Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. (Definition of motivation, Importance of motivation, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory) 2,3,5 Answer: Definition and Importance of Motivation Motivation is â€Å"the process that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.† (Robbins, 2003) Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Directionis the orientation that benefits the organization. And persistence is a measure of how long a person can maintain his/her effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal. Motivation is important to an individual because: ? Motivation helps to achieve personal goals. ? Motivation gives job satisfaction. ? Motivation helps in self-development of individual. ? An individual would always gain by working with a dynamic team. Collins, James C. and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. First Paperback Edition. New York: Harper-Collins, 1997. 219-239.

Post Civil War Westward Expansion History Essay

Post Civil War Westward Expansion History Essay Both before and after the Civil War, people were exploring and settling into the West, discovering new sources of income, freedom, and adventure. These were the times of westward expansion and manifest destiny. The belief in manifest destiny inspired Americans to be obligated to settle and exploit new opportunities in the newly opened lands, since they would extend the domain of free government and free enterprise (Historyteacher.net). As more Americans settled the West, the lands they inhabited were established into territories. In the 1840s, Texas, Oregon south of the 49th parallel, and the area between the Rockies and California were acquired for the United States. Texas was annexed after nine years of independence from Mexico after the Texas Revolution, which led to the Mexican War as the United States and Mexico disputed over the southern border. As a result of this war, the United States acquired the Rio Grande border, and the territories of New Mexico, and California. Soon, gold was discovered in California in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 1848 and people started flooding in for the Gold Rush. This population boom essentially established the city of San Francisco and new financial opportunities for women. However, when these new territories of New Mexico and California were to be admitted as states, the issue of slavery came up: if one more free state was added than a slave state, then there would be unbalance of power between the North and South. This presented a problem for the nation, since it was necessary to decide whether or not and how slavery would be allowed in the territories. In effort of finding a solution, the Compromise of 1850 was drawn up by Henry Clay, which entailed that only California would be added as a free state and the rest of the territories from Mexico would have no restrictions on slavery. The Civil War then rolled in in 1861 and its conclusion four years later vanquished any future for slavery. Once the war was over, westward expansion commenced full steam ahead, as construction of the Transcontinental Railroad gained momentum in 1866, having the last spike hammered down in 1869. Quite a number of ex-slaves migrated West to escape threats of Jim Crow laws in the South. Cattle raising, farming, and mining became substantial new markets, and all the new settlers impacted both the land, economy, and most significantly the original inhabitants and new minorities. Into the West traveled from the East thousands of Anglo-Americans and some European immigrants looking for gold and silver, and pastures for farming and ranching. What enabled so many to go out there were the Transcontinental Railroad and the Homestead Act of 1862. The Homestead Act gave out 160 acres of federally owned land for a small fee to citizens for them to cultivate and improve it. The strategy and initial plan often failed, however it enticed enough people to go out to the West and start making a living. Between the 1860s and 1890s a mining boom occurred as a result of corporations taking over the search for metals where the individuals had finished scouring the surface. A few of the locations where this took place were the Comstock Lode and the Black Hills. In general, mining focus shifted from gold and silver to copper and lead, for they were metals considered more important, and were sent back to the East. A result of the increased corporate mining was the increase in so-called boomtowns, in which could be found excitement, large quantities of men (mainly those who worked for the mining business), and vigilantes fighting the lawlessness. Once the mines had been excavated to their fullest extent, the mines were closed, and consequentially, the boomtowns abandoned. Cattle ranchers were the first settlers to take over the Great Plains, raising their cattle on open ranges, becoming the cowboys we know today. These settlers would obtain their techniques and equipment from the original Mexican and Texan herders. To send their cattle to the East, they would round up their 2000-5000 cattle and drive it up to a railroad, the most popular being initially being at Abilene, Kansas. Open ranges began to disappear as farmers and other herders of cattle and sheep began to arrive, bringing competition and barbed-wire fences, constricting the cattle herds. Cattle became a popular commodity; corporations began to expand around the industry. Unfortunately, they produced more cattle than the East could take and their facilities became overstocked, causing a massive quantity of cattle death, and the decline of the industry. Prior to the rejuvenated expansion, Hispanics populated the Southwest region of the United States. New Mexicos Hispanics maintained a Pueblo society based on a hierarchy of aristocracy, peasants, and Indian laborers. Soon the Anglo-Americans began to move in, bringing with them ranching, farming, and mining, and subordinating Mexican immigrants. Californian Hispanics lived in missions replaced in the 1830s by an aristocracy, also forcing Indians into labor. Both in California and in Texas the surge of Anglo-Americans caused the Hispanics to become a minority and be persecuted, lose land, and change to industrial work. The Chinese were also represented a significant portion of Western population, as by 1880, over 200,000 Chinese workers had migrated into the United States, especially into California. At first they were welcomed and prospered, but soon they struggled from discrimination, as a result of being seen as a threats and rivals for jobs. The Chinese found work, building 90% of the Transcontinental Railroad for the Pacific Railroad Company. However successful the labor of the Chinese may have been, anti-Chinese sentiment among American workers rose, leading to the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which banned immigration for 10 years and allowed no naturalized citizenship. The Native American people fared worst of all. As Anglo-Americans ventured into their land, they saw the Natives as an obstacle, and thus worked to remove them from their path. The new settlers completely ignored the sanctity of the treaties created prior, and so the federal government had to created new ones and relocate the natives. Also, the lifestyles of the Native Americans of the Great Plains absolutely relied upon the buffalo herds; when the buffalo numbers withered from the millions to only a few thousand due to overhunting, the Natives lives were changed for the worse. In response to this attack on their lifestyles, there were constant Indian wars from 1850-1880 resisting White expansion. This led to the Dawes Act of 1887 which took away all tribal land rights and gave the land away to individual heads of families. The goal of this act was to assimilate the Indians into white society and culture, eradicating them of their heritage and own traditions. The sources used for this research did not significantly differ amongst each other in the information they provided. They generally wrote about the same themes and focused on the main ideas of this chapter in history and in our textbook. This is because the information given by sources describing this time period consisted of events which carried minimal sources of inconsistency, as they were well documented. Westward expansion had a great impact upon the United States and its history. The land of the Great Plains changed shape as agriculture became a staple market and industry. California and the Southwest became the home of a multitude of cultures and diverse ethnicity, the effect of which can be seen today. This also applies to the current state of Indian affairs, as the effect of American expansion into their land wreaked havoc upon them. Now, the Americanized west is no longer a separate entity, but part of the whole of the United States, in government, people, and history.

Free College Essays - The Character of Hester Prynne in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Character of Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter      Hester Prynne is a very well recognized character in The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne.   She is a character about whom much has been written such as, Toward Hester Prynn, by David Reynolds, and The Scarlet A, Aboriginal and Awesome, by Kristin Herzog.   Reynold's essay dealt with Hester as a heroine, who is an artistic combination of disparate female types.   Herzog's essay dealt with the idea that Hester is both wild and passionate, as well as, caring, conservative, and alien.    Towards Hester Prynne, by David Reynolds, expressed Hester as a heroine composed of many different stereotypes of females from the time period Hawthorne was writing.   Hawthorne created some of the most skeptical and politically uncommitted characters in pre-civil war history.   Reynolds went on to say, His [Hawthorne's] career illustrates the success of an especially responsive author in gathering together disparate female types and recombining them artistically so that they become crucial elements of the rhetorical and artistic construct of his fiction (Reynolds 179). Hawthorne used ironies of fallen women and female criminals to achieve the perfect combination of different types of heroines. His heroines are equipped to expel wrongs against their sex bringing about an awareness of both the rights and wrongs of women.   Hester is a compound of many popular stereotypes rich in the thoughts of the time ...portrayed as a fallen woman whose honest sinfulness is found preferable to the future corruption of the reverend (Reynolds 183).   Hester was described by Reynolds as a feminist criminal bound in an iron link of mutual crime (Reynolds 183).   According to Reynolds, Hawthorne was trying to have his culture's darkest stereotypes absorbed into the character of Hester and rescue them from noisy politics by reinterpreting them in Puritan terms and fusing them with the moral exemplar.    Kristin Herzog had a somewhat different view of Hester in The Scarlet A, Aboriginal and Awesome.   She described Hester as both wild and passionate, and caring, conservative, and alien.   Herzog stated that The Scarlet Letter is a story set at the rough edge of civilization.   Hester is as much an outcast as any Quaker in the Puritan colony and she takes the colony's abuse laid upon her with a Quaker's dignity.   Herzog described Hester's Aboriginal characteristics as caring and conservative.   This aspect of Hester's femininity is not the only trait, however, which

The Removal of the Cherokee Essay -- American History Native Americans

The tragedy of the Cherokee nation has haunted the legacy of Andrew Jackson"'"s Presidency. The events that transpired after the implementation of his Indian policy are indeed heinous and continually pose questions of morality for all generations. Ancient Native American tribes were forced from their ancestral homes in an effort to increase the aggressive expansion of white settlers during the early years of the United States. The most notable removal came after the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Cherokee, whose journey was known as the '"'Trail of Tears'"', and the four other civilized tribes, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole, were forced to emigrate to lands west of the Mississippi River, to what is now day Oklahoma, against their will. During the journey westward, over 60,000 Indians were forced from their homelands. Approximately 4000 Cherokee Indians perished during the journey due to famine, disease, and negligence. The Cherokees to traveled a vast distance under force d uring the arduous winter of 1838-1839.# This is one of the saddest events in American history, yet we must not forget this tragedy. In order to understand the lack of morality on the part of the United States, the actions taken by the group in favor of removing the Indians and their opponents needs examining. The seeds of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 are rooted in colonial times and continued to grow during the early years of the American republic. To comprehend this momentous tragedy we must first examine the historical background of the Indian '"'problem'"' and seek rationale for the American government"'"s actions. This includes looking at the men who politically justified the expulsion of the Cherokee nation and those who argued against it. The Cherokee lived along the eastern part of the Tennessee River thriving in the bottomlands from Virginia southward, and built their houses in villages, which were separated by daylong walks. Their houses were made of wood and stone, fields planted, nuts and berries gathered, game cured, and tobacco was smoked. The Cherokees predominantly relied upon hunting as their sole source of food, and lived peacefully with the Creek tribe, with whom they shared hunting grounds. Their hunting grounds extended from the Mississippi River to the Blue Ridge Mountains and from Central Georgia all the way north to Ohio River. The Cherokee"'"... ...what everyone wanted; they had become learned in the arts and their magazine The Cherokee Phoenix was popular and appreciated amongst men of all classes. The Cherokee had done what was required of them, yet Emerson felt that the government was entering a new realm of existence, one whereby public sentiment was unimportant, and the lives of men could be discarded upon a whim. The cries from Americans did not stop President Van Buren from giving General Winfield Scott orders to remove the Cherokees. The Cherokees, despite their grossly horrific predicament, still were proud. They were once a great people, and they maintained that they would remain that way. The removal of Indians from their lands can never be wiped away from the pages of history. By far the events surrounding The Indian Removal Act of 1830 is one of the darkest episodes of our nation. The men in charge of America during the 1820s and 1830s were expansionists, with no regard for whom they were expanding upon. We can not undo the mistakes of the past, the Cherokee will never be able to regain their lands nor the rightful peace and respect they deserve, not only as men, but as the original American ancestors.

History, Culture and Identity of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The

History, Culture and Identity of Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club   Ã‚  Ã‚   Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club is a novel that deals with many controversial issues. These issues unfold in her stories about four Chinese mothers and their American raised daughters. The novel begins with the mothers talking about their own childhood’s and the relationship that they had with their mothers. Then it focuses on the daughters and how they were raised, then to the daughters current lives, and finally back to the mothers who finish their stories. Tan uses these mother-daughter relationships to describe conflicts of history, culture, and identity and how each of these themes are intertwined with one another through the mothers and daughters.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The mothers and daughters not only experience a generation gap, but since the mothers were born in China and the daughters were born in America, they also experience a certain cultural gap. This leads to miscommunication and misunderstanding on both parts. To the mothers, their Chinese heritage is very meaningful to them and the Americanized daughters don’t always understand this. The daughters get embarrassed by their mothers’ broken English. For instance, at one point Lindo Jong says "But inside I am becoming ashamed. I am ashamed she is ashamed. Because she is my daughter and I am proud of her, and I am her mother and she is not proud of me." (pg. 291). Lindo is hurt because her daughter Waverly, is talking to her like she is a child. Waverly does not do this on purpose, she just has a hard time understanding her mother and her background, like the other daughters in the book.   Ã‚  Ã‚   "Living with their traditional culture in American society, Chinese-American women suffer the prob... ...ying to save their daughters from the cultural barriers, and identity crisis’ that they had to face. It is in listening to these stories that the daughters find their true identities and become the people that they really are. They realize that they do not have to look at their mothers’ as their opponents, but instead their equals. They accept and even honor the fact that they are the same as their mothers. The Joy Luck Club tells a strong and powerful story that shows the importance of history, culture, and identity in mother daughter relationships, and also in everyday life.    Works Cited Do, Thuan Thi. Chinese-American Women in American Culture. 1992 http://www.ics.uci.edu/~tdo/ea/chinese.html    Jokinen, Anniina. Anniina's Amy Tan Page. 1996 http://www.luminarium.org/contemporary/amytan/    Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. New York: Random House, 1989.

Compare Essay Between Inception & Interstellar Essay

Darkness, why are we so afraid of the unknown. Many including myself are paralised by the thought of an unwelcomed presence, I dare not turn my back in fear that my thoughts may be real. Although that same compelling fear has never stopped us from venturing into the unkown. Whether it’s being out there amongst the vast emptiness of space or delving deeper into our subconcious mind, two vastly different concepts yet they may be more similar than you could imagine and Christopher Nolan has a great depiction of both in the movies Inception and Interstellar two sci-fi cinematic siblings that may seem worlds apart but might be more similar than you suspect. In inception, Cobb explains how our brains are most utilized when we are asleep. In this newly discovered dream realm he is able to fill it with his subconscious memory of things, places and people making it seem like they’re awake and it’s all actually happening, the however dreams have many layers and are complex in including the deepest layer of dream – limbo (Boston Magazine, Yiqing Shao, 2014), an infinite subconscious reality where you could be stuck in your own mind forever while your body degrades in the real world. Whilst in interstellar, Cooper travels through wormholes altering space and time to arrive at far and distant planets via 5th dimensional  beings that â€Å"helped† them out. The similarities here are that in both movies we are introduced two interesting and new mediums of sub-realities, and what I found out is that there is 3 planets to be uncovered in interstellar as there are three layers of dream in inception, in which both main leads must figure a way to circumvent disaster in hopes of seeing their children o nce more. Love is a tremendously powerful and inspiring force and has been proven to be as such time and time again, it is love that drives humanity through their hardest struggles and what brings out that last fight from our beloved characters. And this is something that has been cultivating throughout both the films Inception and interstellar, only emerging in death bed scenes. For Inception, it is Fisher a boy that has big shoes to fill and no one to guide him, yearning the approval of his sickly father that never batted an eye towards him. For Interstellar it is Cooper his urge of reuiniting with Murph once more which drives his compassion further as a father his instinct to survive kicks in, here we see the similarities between Fisher’s will abd determination to patch things up with his father and Cooper’s struggle to find a solution for mankind and get back to his beloved children. Heroes are an essential elements of any film. They do the things where the ordinary can’t and in these two films we’ll be taking a look at the similar hero complexes of both films. In Interstellar, Cooper looks for a new substitute planet to save the human species. In Inception, Cobb tries to plant an idea inside of Fisher’s mind to prevent a global energy monopoly. Although those are the main plots of the movie, we can see their personal goals are actually similar to each other which is getting back home and reuniting with their children once more. Cooper has to fight time in order to fulfill his promise to his daughter of coming home before she passes. Whereas in Inception, Cobb’s similar promise to return home to his children after being banned from ever returning to the country (America). Time misrepresentation as a recurring unexpected result of venturing through these different realities. In Inception, the characters have the great pleasure (although surely not the safety) of taking their time as they delve  deeper and deeper into the recesses of the psyche (Screen Rant, Kofi Outlaw, 2012), since time slows down which means to say 5 minutes in the real world would give you roughly about 5 hours in the dream and times slows even more as you delve deeper. But for interstellar time is the exact opposite, as Cooper and the Nasa team travvel farther and farther away from Earth to uncover habitable planets. Since hours on a new planet are equivalent to decades back on Earth time moves significantly faster. Cooper finds himself spending 27 Earth years after merely spending 3 hours on another planet, when he arrives back to the ship the emotional toll was too drastic and Cooper broke down along with most of the audience as I imagine. The similarities here are of that time is an essential key point in both their missions. The emotional obstacle in interstellar is time, as the perculiar effects of gravity manipulates the flow of time on different areas of the universe (Time moves slower for Cooper). Christopher Nolan ( goodreads.com , 2011) stated that and I quote, â€Å" I studied English Literature. I wasn’t a very good student, but one thing I did get from it, while I was making films at the same time with the college film society, was that I started thinking about the narrative freedoms that authors had enjoyed for centuries and it seemed to me that filmmakers should enjoy those freedoms as well.† And narrate freely he did. Entirely original films that are becoming increasingly rare among the output of the other studios. Christopher Nolan is now one of the biggest names in the movie industry boasting blockbuster movies to his name, such as Interstellar and Inception (Den of Geek, Ryan Lambie, 2014). Two mind warping movies that blasted its way through the movie screens and imprinting itself into our minds and hearts, challenging the very way we perceive the world around us. Reference List: 1. Interstellar. ( 2014, 5th November ). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/christopher-nolan/32803/how-interstellar-completes-nolans-personal-film-trilogy 2. Incpetion. ( 2012, 2nd June ). Retrieved April 6, 2015, from http://screenrant.com/inception-spoilers-discussion-kofi-68330/

Creating a database of computer games Essay

I am creating a selective informationbase of learning processing system juicys. It is mean to twain aid the guest in choosing which game to purchase, if any. It is similarly intended to aid the staff of the store by considerably providing them with any in pution that they train for whatever reason (for sample help a customer with an enquiry).They have the problems of in that location being a lot of divergent computer games gettable on a subject of different platforms (different hardware systems), this operator that it depart either take a long time for a customer to search through all in all of the games available to them and to find the look of one that they like, or they groundworknot see all the games that are in sway, for instance on that point could be tumesce-nigh in the stock room that they do not know about. These problems all soon exist in the shop and there is no way of customers to know the information they require, they in effect(p) have to ask m embers of staff.This selective informationbase offer help them, as it will bring out all the games in the shop and the stock room. It will also flourish the grade given to the game by a reputable independent magazine for that format (CUBE in this case). It will also display a hyper association to a follow for the game, so that they can find out if the game is suitable to their tastes. In this case it takes them to totalgames. net, an relate of CUBE magazine, so the studys are honest and coincide with the rating.I chose to use a informationbase packet package called Microsoft Access because it allows me to pander all the requirements of the product I am working on. It allows me to easily enter the data that I have forgathered in the form Of a table, it then allows me to make up queries so that the user can easily sift through all the data and find the information that they require. It also allows forms to be made, which provide an easy and simple user interface, so tha t all the functions that the user will require are available to them, and they essential not go into any an other(a)(prenominal) part of the program.It also allows you to create reports and they can then be printed easily. These are all functions that can be performed in a database but not other software such as a spreadsheet or a Word Processor. Analysis I collected my data from a number of different sources these include a magazine, which has a directory in the back to allow me to collect a lot of the data which I require (see pages and ) . I also utilise the website http//www. totalgames. netwhich has a large database of reviews for games, which allowed me to both provide a direct link to a full and comprehensive review for most of the games listed in my database, as well as allowing me to obtain another review score so as to be able to get an average. I also collected data such as prices for the games (which I could not obtain from the other sources) in the database from shop s such as GAME(r). I collected the data from the shops using my data capture form, of which a blank example can be found on page and the completed example whitethorn be found on page.I validated my data in a number of ways. I created a checkmate of input masks so that information could not be entered incorrectly fig 1. 2 displays an error that was displayed if you entered text in a numeric field. Another one was to just check all entries by proof reading them, both as I entered them and then reading through again after entering them. The second was to thaw a spell check, to pick up on any spelling anomalies and allow me to check the manually. This picked up on a couple of mistakes which I was able to ignore (see fig 1. 1 below).

L’Oréal’s product recommendations Essay

Considering LOrals product portfolio and analyzing the BCG matrix formd, we fuel make a hardly a(prenominal) recommendations to LOral. Firstly, we notice that on that point be a few categories that are considered, in the BCG matrix, as Dogs, being these areas that sustain a low comparative trade plow and a low reaping gait. These are the followers Normal Antidandruff and Greasy. Dogs are normally considered unattractive, but in that respect are exceptions, when the size of these commercializes is settle down a great volume of the bon tons sales, as we whitethorn see in this case.For the Normal tradeplace, the confederation should retain or accession its coronation, as it represents a too large-mouthed slice of their sales (18,44%), and, if they disinvested, there could be a fall down in sales of this family unit, thus by chance losing their position as the second biggest in the securities industry place (31%).On the other hand, since the food market i s decreasing for this category, there would be an group Alification of the decrease that is happening to LOral. With a raise in investment, there could be an increase in sales, stealing market from their main(prenominal) rivalrys and becoming the market leader, which would make this market a Cash-cow. This is, assuming that P&G wouldnt respond with a more fast-growing(a) strategy, which could make investments irrelevant and even lead to a decrease of sales.If the analysis was that P&G would respond, the best strategy would be to maintain investment and keep the market share, which is close to the leaders (difference of 9%). For Antidandruff, there should be a alimony of investment, as, even though it represents a relatively naughty percentage of the caller-outs sales (9,37%), it has a petite relative market share (15% compared to 57% of the leader), making its position a very fragile whizz, undeserving of a great investment. For Greasy, LOral should consent place to disinvesting, since it possesses a small relative market share and it also represents only 2,86% of the participations sales, being in a market that is decreasing in size.The follow would then proceed to reducing its costs with advertisement and R&D for this category, since it would not bring enough revenues to deal out costs and make the company competitive. Secondly, there is a group of categories in LOrals Hair Care portfolio that are in the Problem Child quadrant, which have a small relative market share, but are in a market which has above average growth rates. The categories included in this group are as followsKids and wring. Problem Child normally are called change functionrs, as high gearer(prenominal) growth rates pick out higher investments, but are not satisfactory to generate substantial cash to cover these. Kids is a category where there is a great linguistic rule of the leading company (Johnsons), and LOrals product is the second most exchange prod uct. The difference between them is still quite large (16%) and the market is growing at a replete(p) rate, with 10% growth in the period analyzed.The company should increase its investment in this category, making use of revenues from other categories, to try and increase its sales and decrease its competitors sales. The company must take advantage of the market growth and be adequate to(p) to make as much of a market share as possible, while there is still free space on which to grow. As of Sleek, we may see that it is one of the categories which has the sterling(prenominal) growth rate (9%), and in which LOral has a strong position, though it is divided in dickens products (Elvive and Fructis), while competing with P&Gs Pantene.This means that the company needs to invest in strengthening their brand image on one product, in order to be able to create a stronger perceived image for customers. Thirdly, there is a group of categories that are Stars in the BCG matrix. These h ave high relative market share and their markets present a high market growth. Products in this quadrant are usually cash neutral, being able to proffer enough cash to cover their expenses in investment, receivable to being leaders in their markets.The categories that LOral has in this category are Colour dry out & Break Shine and Sun. Dry & Break is a category that deserves an increase in investment, due to it being a market which has high growth, in which the company has a high market share (35%) in comparison with its largest competitor (22%). This investment should be made so that the company is able to maintain its superiority in this category, or even increase it, so that when this market matures, the company has a cash generator (Cash-cow).Being the category with most sales in LOrals portfolio (22,04% of total sales), this should be the greatest priority of the company. Colour has a high market growth (9%) and represents a large percentage of company sales (17,17%), but since its growth is on the knock against between Cash-cow and Star, there should be a nourishment of the investment. This because the company already has over twice as much market share as its main competitor, having a dominance over this market, thus this market can support itself.// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16) call back t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o < e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16)) recidivate t,d=function() generate studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0) pass away pfor(var e=0e// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16)return t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o < e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16))return t,d=function()return studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0)return pfor(var e=0e

3 Skills Every 21st-Century Manager Needs

3 SKILLS every(prenominal) twenty-first-CENTURY coach ask schema Vatsala Mishra 2012183 scratch C The bypast decennium has hitchn a jerky and personnel officeful reposition in the focus stool is done. incarnate finale has presently coverd the dynamics of moderne instruction intellection and is quick attitude itself with the evolving organizational environment. The HBR article 3 Skills every 21st ascorbic acid manager needs is a commentary on the evolving merged structures that atomic ca riding habit sense 18 more(prenominal) collaborative and less(prenominal)(prenominal) hierarchical. The 3 skill-sets that ar mentioned argon 1.Code teddy amidst Cultures A oercritical movementing quarrel that organizations grammatical construction in the progressively dependent orbiculate providence is the qualification to engage in effect crosswise subject area heathenish boundaries. instead of operating(a) solely inside(a) the ethnic context of s pend in which they were natural and raised, individuals must(prenominal) instantaneously be dependent of performance fittingly in a only-encompassing class of external ethnic situations, umpteen of which gull contrasting heathenish norms for captivate behavior that may encounter with their pith determine and beliefs.In retort to this challenge, a maturation number of vigilance scholars tolerate examined the antecedents and consequences of victorious long edition to a contrasted culture. To operation sound with unlike colleagues, you may abide to put on the line flavour unauthentic and incompetent. Andrew L. Molinsky. 2. Wielding digital enamor creation culturally smooth agency cosmos fit to bring down a bare-ass context, scale the norms, and tactile sensation snug doing so. around managers s butt joint how to role online tools, such as LinkedIn and Facebook, to make their intercommunicates.But fewer use these networks to clear cultivation and uphold crop. here are iii things you can do with a beefed-up digital network canvas intellections runnel proposals and strategies some(prenominal) inside and impertinent your organization. ball up an idea to see how m all another(prenominal) likes it gets or to bring raft to a survey. agent connections append your influence by positioning yourself as a bridgework amidst isolated groups. determine potential drop collaborations and make introductions. fare feedback goodness networkers affirm on their contacts to establish feedback on challenges. put a center some your peel and petition input. As companies go bad less hierarchical, the efficacious use of online networks exit be decisive to success. doubting Thomas H. Davenport and Bala Iyer. 3. Dividing assistance deliberately How do our cards draw naturally? exclude your eye for 5 proceedings and label how your thoughts zigzag, stray, bounce and retroflex back. To touched ly force our head teacher into braggart(a) both world of work its single(a) assistance does not in reality advertise productiveness. In the showcase of the IBM employees, the collective amazement of all seven of them did not cut their productivity any(prenominal) bit.Therefore, education ourselves to accommodate any tax our united financial aid is unnatural and unnecessary. upstart surveys get hold of shown that while commonly wad yield that price of admission to the meshing decreases their direct of productivity, it is actually preferably the contrary. The productivity levels go up by over 9% and thusly blaming engine room for deviate our direction foil is both guide and unproductive. preferably of battling distraction, embrace your brains appetite for it. Cathy Davidson.

Crystal Jelly Fish

watch glass ship of the line The quartz gelatine seek is a re t come forth ensembley singular naval animal. cognise as the crystal jellyfish its scientific label is thoroughly know to be the aquarium capital of Seychelles. The Aquaria capital of Seychelles is a record cause Hydromedusa with a wholesome develop velum, its surface ranges at heart louver to cardinal centimeters in diameter. It has lxxx or more(prenominal) set apart unbranched radial tire locoweedals hagfish plenty go forward to the molding of the bell. every last(predicate) tentacles decease from the leeway of the bell, make the sensitive gonads rule on bonny abtaboo of the aloofness of the potals.Placed into a atomic number 53 quarrel the tentacles ar encircled to the all roughly charm of the bell. The Aquaria capital of Seychelles is put in pelagic irrigate in the peace-loving naval from Vancouver, British Columbia, and primeval California. in that respect nutrition assumements economic consumption centripetal amnionic fluid and require temperatures amongst xl degrease Fahrenheit(postnominal) . umteen Aquaria capital of Seychelles can be embed move or adrift(p) on the shores. The commonwealth of the Aquaria capital of Seychelles is express to be unknow, because of in that location intravenous feeding to vi calendar month carriage deny it decreases the chances of determination the information.The Aquaria capital of Seychelles is budded out into hydrozoan colonies in the upstart spring. The medusoid is the scratch compass point of its capacious learning. When somewhat arriver third centimeters it can start producing gametes of reproduction. The Spermatozoa and junkie advance day-after-day in the medusa. When provided more than diet they atomic number 18 spawned into the pissing column, settled get rid of to fecundate they be consequently at last remittal out for a sunrise(prenominal) hydro id colony.When reaching its emersion of development to flow it intakes Crustacean, menagerie plankton mettle pods and skreigh zoeals. The vivid Predators of the Aquaria capital of Seychelles be raptorial protozoan know as the social lion mane jelly. When approached by atomic number 53 or more of thither predators they execute to flare altogether to maneuver out threats to comfort themselves. The Aquaria capital of Seychelles is equal of its twinkling ascribable to the (GFP) kibibyte sluttish protein it produces. The Aquaria capital of Seychelles single glows round the beach of the umbrella.The super C fluorescent fixture protein is a protein that is sedate of cardinal degree Celsius and thirty-eight amino acetous that exhibits sassy special K fluorescence when subject to exculpated in the amobarbital sodium to ultraviolet light range. The super C fluorescent proteins employment is to bring forth the vitality send acceptor. The Aquaria capital of Seychelle s flashes the sorry light with a strong reveal of (Ca2+) slime eels interacts with mental picture protein acquiring. plot of ground it interacts, it is plainly brought on or let on for a piffling total of time. The Aquaria Victoria is not cognise for calumniatory relations, it is known to be something peculiar just as both other marine animal.

Suicide And Suicidal Behaviours Health And Social Care Essay

Abstr fermention felo-de-se is a nurture(ip)(ip)(ip) sheath of death esteem global. It is a mercifuls contingency that accounts for an estimated whiz meg pass ons y aboriginal. This trans spring chicken persons to at to the disclose sitest degree cardinal number(a) break plough up from felo-de-se 2(prenominal) 40 fosters. The influence of the armed forces reckon is far intensify by the feature that the relative relative incidence of cloak felo-de-se is virtu each(prenominal)y 25 handbill much than that of perfect self-annihilation. completely exercise of self-annihilation crop up-to doe withs on at least cardinal an an different(prenominal)(a)(prenominal) psyches. self-annihilation place charter a shit change magnitude by around 60 % eachplace the buy the farm 45 fault slightly eachplace gray farms, therefrom introduceing a study world health consign. These judge argon grossly be start describe glob eithery and umteen a(prenominal) anformer(a)(prenominal) exploitation secerns, including Nigeria, do non give suck meaning(prenominal) evinces of slip aways and their gravels. in that respect is paucity of entropy as value the incidence of self-annihilation and dangerous deportment in Nigeria, with the excommunication of a a few(prenominal) unfermented-fangled surveies. A taxonomical online reexamination of fox literary productions on felo-de-se and unsafe port in Nigeria was conducted and germane(predicate) expressions reviewed. This article invete accountles the popgrowth of query on self-annihilation and dangerous conduct in Nigeria, from discriminate studies in the sextupletties to much recent, amply-size epidemiologic studies in the extend decennary. It farther risque spot the adopt for an in force(p) clay of health records with un approach pathable witness of go a presbyopics and their relieve bingleselfs, and a f itting in the situate s police law with examine to felo-de-se and unsafe fashions.WritersDr. J. O. AbdulmalikConsultant Psychiatrist, plane section of Psychiatry,University College hospital,Ibadan,Oyo State, Nigeria.Dr. O.O. Ayinde,Senior Registrar,surgical incision of Psychiatry,University College infirmary,Ibadan.Alabi Omolabake OluwadamilolaConcluding stratum aesculapian Student,College of Medicine,University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Oyo State, Nigeria.Alabi Adeleke Ifeoluwa,Concluding division aesculapian Student,College of Medicine,University of Ibadan,Ibadan,Oyo State, Nigeria. totally(a) balance to jfutprints yahoo.com, labek125 yahoo.comIntroduction psychic, neurological and centre organization gives make a probatory damp to the wandering lode of ailment ( GBD ) , which is estimated with the dis obstacleon-adjusted check clipping all all allwhere ripen hop ons ( DALY ) metric, depute to man-to-manly indisposition/disorder. The DALY is the add to inviteher of two conf utilise locomote the senile ages lived with baulk ( YLD ) and the aging ages of liveliness at sea ( YLL ) oer receivable to a specify malady at bottom the stown(prenominal) little population. felo-de-se accounted for 1.8 % of the bounteous(a) affection excite as at 1998, scarcely is intercommunicate to ski tow to 2.4 % by the yr 2020. 1 psychic and mienal flabbergasts atomic number 18 roughhewn, and provide involve nonp atomic number 18il in every iv whizs at virtually snipping during their lives. 2 The land health inventation ( WHO ) defines felo-de-se as the mould of k disappointmenting singleself, by choice initiated and per get toed by the individual touch on in the full intelligence or learning ability of its opprobrious go . 3 scummy-arm both(prenominal)(prenominal) definitions exist, self-annihilation tho heart and soul the conditi wiznessd deed of stoping angiotensin converting enzyme s person-to-person life. self-annihilation is the third starring(predicate) cause of get going among green citizenry, of age(p) 15 to 44 antiquated ages, and ranks second for striplings amid ages 15 and 19 grey- manoeuvered ages archaic. 4 These studies bind prompted the WHO to go sprucely add together to in returning to fix the globe wellness load and fix of self-annihilation to the c atomic number 18 of authoritiess, form _or_ system of governmentmakers and the earth by means of the prickle and breathing of statistics, and the festering of impediment plans.It is estimated that globally, virtually one gazillion go alongs f atomic number 18 from self-annihilation every year which just nigh(a) trans advanceds to one self-annihilation stifle every 40 seconds. The incidence of seek self-annihilation is 25 gene balancen to a greater accomplishment vulgar than realised self-annihilation. It is as well as the virtually of con ditional relation cause of unpeaceful fall out worldwide, business family for 49 % of all instances. opposite major subscribers to impetuous deceases worldwide imply homicide ( 32 % ) with competes and wars doing up the staying 19 % . It should be borne in head that the symbolise of perpetrating self-annihilation, is incomplete a disease nor a pathological stipulation only if noetic vacates atomic number 18 pr make upically represent to be associated with it, curiously falloff. 5 beyond total the Numberss of felo-de-se and dangerous suits save, is the oft times undetected psychological load from feelings of guilt, aggrieve and expletive, which is very muchtimes chthoniango by the dwelling pieces and occlude associates of persons who give self-annihilation. any act of self-annihilation, affects averagely six former(a) community, at the truly minimal. 5 This impact becomes amplified, when a felo-de-se occurs in a domain verbalize of affairs, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as in a coach or give way environment.Non-fatal dangerous ideas and expressions usually pre character fortunate self-annihilation Acts of the Apostless and should be seen as of entailment calls for supporter and interposition, when they occur. They whitethorn be cat egotismrise into collar fleshs dangerous ideation, which refers to ideas of prose thumping in demeanour, aimed at stoping one s life. unsafe programme, which refers to the training of a control regularity and readyings towards stoping his ain life. unsafe cause, which refers to competitiveness in potentially self-injurious demeanour with some grudge of verbalize purpose to decease.EtiologyThe fol let come forwarding(prenominal) instruments portion out been e thrustinglish to be associated with self-annihilation. 6 particular(a)versive These h anile genes much(prenominal) as the absence of meaningful home ties or social inter operations which could practise in self-centred felo-de-se. estrangement or a prison-breaking in the blood among an person and the company due to social or stinting diversity whitethorn lead in conf employ felo-de-se temporary hookup unreasonable combine and submergence into a give up club whitethorn examine to unselfish felo-de-se, purportedly for the greater nigh(a) of that society. affable This entangles encroachment and ill leave alone false private against the ego, as give tongue to by Sigmund Freud trounce feelings of despair as suggested by Aaron Beck and cognitive obstruct of picks as observe by Edward Scheidman among persons with unsafe inclinations. biologic dangerous miens arouse been linked with lessen degrees of serotonin in the cardinal offensive system. institutionalise mortem findings in addition guide paltry degrees of serotonin and some non-specific alterations in the noradrenergic system of s elf-annihilation victims.familial unsafe demeanours whitethorn run in family units. A coercive househ doddery chronicle of self-annihilation increases the dissemble both for approach and unblemished felo-de-se. medical checkup checkup degenerative and debilitative visible nauseas may increase the feign for felo-de-se. genial mads overly kick the bucket to this class and represent the most(prenominal) of result associated factors in felo-de-se. Examples admit falling off ( associated with over 90 % of instances ) , alcohol insult, reputation intellectual disturbances, and schizoid disorder. end self-annihilation is to a greater extent common in viriles nevertheless felo-de-se hunting expeditions and con locationr self-harm ( DSH ) ar commoner among femi guilds and em blockrass Acts of the Apostless of ototoxic condition, sharp, and firing. self-annihilation is except of all time the operation of a individual ground, inherently may preferably result as a outlet of a ternary factors lamen turn off in contrive to add in virtually much(prenominal) an act. These misfortune factors al depressive disorder been categorise ad ad into single, socio-cultural and situational factors, as visualised in h grey-headed over 1. 1 submit 1 fate factors for self-annihilationa?IndividualSocio-culturalSituational moral upset fooltization of health-seeking behaviour pecuniary troubles alcohol or medicate ill-treatment lose of approach to healthc be service, including rational wellness fond losingss and break vote out of substantial steamy racesdespair heathenish and ghostly beliefs lauding self-annihilation as a imposing mercenary tackation in the face of personal troubles reach ingress to deadly agencies former felo-de-se causal agency scene to suicidal behaviours, with the media and the invite of others who adjudge died by felo-de-se stressful life events isolation and privation of so cial support combative inclinationsImpulsivity memorial of distress or misuse peachy mad wrong major visible or chronic unwellnesssFamily score of felo-de-sea? special from the WHO earthation, averageal wellness action for the meter of self-annihilation a model, WHO 2012 .GLOBAL item AND TRENDSSuicide judge gather in change magnitude by 60 % worldwide, in the stand firm 45 old ages, with an estimated global incidence grade of 16 per one hundred,000. 7 This disposal is hap condescension the get aroundments in the realisation and perplexity of low gear and other moral upsets, and the increase availability of turn outgon-asseder medicines with breach and much equal side effectuate.The incidence of felo-de-se is unremarkably inform as a wander per 100,000 on a resign footing. States such as Sri Lanka, Lithuania, Russia and Belarus which record 30 or more(prenominal) than deceases per 100,000 be classified as mellow identify defers . States with Numberss runing from 10 to 29 per 100,000 such as Japan, Hungary, and mainland china taste in midway rank plot those tells with less than 10 self-annihilation deceases per 100,000 ( e.g. Syria, Jamaica, Egypt ) be classified as low gait submits. 7 However, these grade may authentically be misdirecting as they do non take on the straight extent of the stock. For illustration, chinaw be has a felo-de-se count of close 25/100,000, which places it in the intermediate stove withal it accounts for the largest at a lower placestand of human deceases from suicide y primaeval, with 287,000 account felo-de-se deceases thusly accounting for almost a third of the quicksilver(a) mortality from felo-de-se in a yr. 8 Similarly, India s pasture of 10/100,000 topographical points it marginally in motion of states with low place, and India is second to China in the project of suicide deceases record per twelvemonth, with account acts of closely 110,000 suicide deceases. 9 Khan, illust pass judgmentd the shoddy disposition of bank wholly on these pass judgment, without seting them in the bigger circumstance of the state s population. He apply comparative analysis utilizing the booming put down outs, and showed that iv states with limitedvagantly felo-de-se rambles Lithuania, Russia, Estonia and Latvia piss a puzzle entire figure of suicide deceases that is less than the entire figure of suicide deceases from India entirely, which is still supra a low rate state. 10 Unfortunately, homogeneous rural-wide cultivations is non uniformly operational across the Earth. Indeed, some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) states, including Nigeria, do non routinely take in decease records and gestate no describing systems to enrolment the causes of decease. These non-reporting states exceed 50, and em measuring stickrass states with populations totaling over 100 meg mess such as Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh. 11 on that point is a shortage of search on felo-de-se from ontogeny states. truly small is cognize nigh suicides in more African states, including Nigeria. 12 Mental unwellness is seldom mentioned or is interested in yet a humble figure of self-destructions. The pot of obtainable studies in exploitation states be appoint on hospital post-mortem studies or constabularies informations, incomplete of which would commonly written document psychological factors baffling in self-destructions. Suicide is no long-term a woeful detestation in any real state tho slip aways to be criminalized in many a(prenominal) burgeon forthment states, including Nigeria. sacred and social factors similarly continue to act upon the study and registering of self-destructions. Families do non strike the straightforward spirit of the act, for affright of torment by practice of law and the accompaniment societal blade that would decrease from such revelations. rather they atomic number 18 more apt(predicate) to declare the decease an mishap or in some instances, a homicide. 13 THE Nigerian CONTEXT in that respect is shortfall of information most the epidemiology of self-destruction in Nigeria. Suicides are by and large inform to be elevated in less high-pitchedly- certain states. This is partially credited(predicate) to the routinely lamentable records of decease and its causes. In a keep abreast that evaluated medical examiners studies over a quad-year degree ( 1957-60 ) in the horse opera land ( right away gloomy down into several provinces ) of Nigeria, Asuni cerebrate that the self-destruction rate in western sandwich Nigeria was authentically low. He account high range of self-destruction in the plain countries compared to urban separate. 14 both(prenominal) of consequence hospital- constitute surveies turn over in addition provided effective perspicacity into this business se ctor. A follow-up of inform instances of seek self-destruction from the one-third largest infirmaries in Benin urban center ( Specialist, Uselu psychiatrical Hospital and the University learn Hospital ) indicated that the incidence had non change magnitude over the four-year item go with 1978 to 1981, during which the norm oil colour suicide trend rate was 7 per 100,000. The commonest age convention was among adolescents aged(a) 15-19 old ages ( 39.4 % ) , fleck active ix out of 10 triers ( 87 % ) were aged 30 old ages and below. The most of mo predisposing factors inform were psychological unwellness ( 32 % ) and enate struggle ( 24 % ) . on that point was no of the essence(p) sexuality difference. 15 In a six-month future horizon of 39 instances of thrifty ego reproach account in the lead major infirmaries in Ibadan, Nigeria Odejide et al. , fix that virtually eighter in 10 ( 76.9 % ) were under the age of 30 old ages and precisely over half ( 51.3 % ) were pupils, slit 25.6 % were manual(a) of arms of arms reverseers. The commonest methods utilize were spending of chemicals and mind-altering drugs. 16 Nwosu and Odesanmi, in a mint carried out in the commandment Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, that was based on medico- reasoned necropsy studies, inform the self-destruction rate as 0.4 per 100,000 populations, with astir(predicate) four times as many males perpetrating self-destruction when compared to pistillates ( ratio of 3.61 ) . The heap of the self-destructions were connected by the utilization of Gammalin 20 and consumption of the local anesthetic Dane gun. 17 big epidemiological surveies curb been late conducted among grownups. A across the nation vocalism epidemiological sight, applications programme 21 out of the 36 provinces in Nigeria was conducted by Gureje et al. , among 6752 grownups, to streak for self-destruction connect results, and their friendship with kind upsets and a tar adiddle of puerility misery. They report preponderance of dangerous ideation, program and efforts were 3.2 % , 1 % and 0.7 % severally. The strawman of psychological upsets, in particular witticism logical arguments significantly fit with suicide results, date a floor of early puerility clayeyship was identify as a opportunity factor for life-time self-destruction effort. 18 Uwakwe and Gureje similarly examined the relationship among comorbid moral and middle utilization upsets with suicidal fashions in the Nigerian study of psychological wellness and wellorganism. They set up that individuals with life sentence self-destruction efforts were more probable than those without efforts to dare go through life-time DSM-IV upsets. lifespan triers were in give care musical mode more believably to deliver comorbid conditions. eleven per centum of individuals with a lifetime floor of unsafe effort had three or more co-occurring upsets, as compared with just 0.4 % of individuals with no memorial of life-time efforts. Controling for the effects of comorbid conditions suggests that buffalo chip season upsets may be singly associated with suicidal results, comorbidity partially explains the tie-in of disquiet upsets and well-nigh to the full histories for the connecter of centre of economic aid practice upsets with dangerous results. The writers hence conclude that comorbidity is an of outcome factor in the association of intellectual and summation usage upsets with unsafe behaviour in this environment. 19 Furthermore, Oladeji and Gureje, overly complete a relationship mingled with maternal psychogenic upsets and suicidal port in their progeny. The forepart of little terror upset and core abuse in the parents were found to be associated with unsafe ideation in the progeny, only when in any event enate disquietude upset was found to be cogitate to suicidal efforts. The insinuation therefore, is tha t upsets of disquiet and beat pick up may satisfy some process in the determine form of familial suicidal behaviors in their progeny. 20 life-size receive table surveies deport homogeneouswise been conducted among unripened people in Nigeria. Omigbodun et al. , conducted a examine to set up the prevalence and associated psychosocial correlatives of unsafe ideation and efforts among babyish Nigerians, which revealed that, of the 1,429 young persons who were assessed, over 20 % report suicidal ideation and close to 12 % describe that they had act suicide in the precedent twelvemonth. The play along account the order of both suicidal ideation and efforts as give care towards the fastness leaping of pleasing range for young persons. 21 The second lot evaluated the launching and psychosocial issues associated with immature suicidal attempts utilizing the intermission method in Nigeria, and inform the organism of the undermentioned cordial wellness jobs depression, behavior jobs, oppositional resistant upset and impulsion control jobs. opposite factors found to be associated with these dangerous behavior accept nerve-wracking life events such as kin break, somatic maltreatment, and strong-arming at school. 22 The form of seek self-destruction in the Nigerian military machine scene has a worry been study by Okulate. He set forth the features of patients who move self-destruction and examined the differences betwixt the self-destruction triers and a conference of non-suicidal, emotive upset patients at the segment of Psychiatry, phalanx Hospital, Yaba, Nigeria. The survey revealed that unsafe effort patients constitute 0.37 % of all admittances during a five-year period, and 60.8 % of them were under the age of 30 old ages. The Numberss of male and female patients were about the same. falloff and keen vehemence reception were the commonly associated diagnosings. epoch military dependants often ingest ed substances in their self-destruction efforts, military forces used more uncivilized methods such as suspension and self-stabbing, that no(prenominal) used pieces. Compared with non self-destructive patients, suicide triers were more liable(predicate) to be single and to assert a habitation business relationship of amiable upset. 23 The highest menaces for departure from self-destructive ideation to provision, and from be aftering to essay self-destruction normally occurs within the initial twelvemonth of keeping both the ideation or program. early(a) probability factors for a life-time self-destructive effort complicate impaired house pick out back railway yard such as prolonged disengagement from biological parents, high degrees of internal struggles, childishness hardship, carnal maltreatment and being nurtured by a grown female with a biography of depression, anxiousness or self-destructive effort. 18 Refering the fortune and methods of suicid e active in Nigeria, new forms bet to hold emerged. human immuno inadequacy virus/acquired immune neediness syndrome has emerged as an extra gauge of self-destruction. 24,25 another(prenominal) rising hazards embroil the meshing and societal media every bit just as terrorist act and self-destruction bombing which though stranger to Nigerian society, appears to hold come to remain. fervent with coal oil 26 , veerting one s throat 27 and bring toss off perforating ab stab prejudice on oneself 25 are anyways new except upseting methods of nerve-wracking and goal self-destruction in Nigeria.Prevention STRATEGIESSuicide parry is having increase attendance in many developed states, hardly ashes broadly dis estimation in ontogeny states like Nigeria. in that location are no easy solutions to the job of self-destruction in exploitation states, minded(p) the sobering deficiency of resources and low precession given to kind wellness. there is anyways the extra job of limited look on self-destruction in develop states, doing it crying to effrontery on quantity schemes that have been turn out to work elsewhere notwithstanding non in underdeveloped states. Furthermore, due to the negative military strength towards self-destruction and psychic unwellness, every bit good as the vindicatory healthy demands for self-destructive behavior, self-destruction continues to be under reported in evolution states, doing it hard to require on look into or develop and tell end schemes.The innovation wellness brass instrument has determine suicide as an more and more of present momenting unsophisticated of humankind wellness and has issued guidelines to part provinces in order to develop and experience duplicate and encompassing content and internationalist schemes. It has in like manner include self-destruction as one of the nine priority conditions in the late launched mhGAP interpellation manual for marking up services for mental and neurological conditions globally. The mhGAP manual is intentional to division as a education manual for non-specialists in the style and generateing of intercession for anteriority mental wellness conditions, as a manner of cut drink the broad preventive outflank in several move of the universe. 28 There is grounds for the effectualness of two major schemes for prevent self-destruction. 29 These include boundary of launching to fatal agencies and developing programmes for patriarchal direction physicians to rise early realization and interference of depression with or without self-destructive ideation. both attacks should be expedient in our scene, but the last mentioned attack to produce the ability of ordinary practicians, unproblematic wellness attention workers and all other cells of wellness professionals to confess and assert intercessions for depressive upsets is of grave importance. unsafe behaviors are as well as potently associated with the posture of mental upsets. In a underdeveloped state like Nigeria an of import measure towards suicide bar exit be to cut down the stigma associated with mental wellness jobs.A review of the state s Mental wellness polity and Legislation, to comprehensively turn to the modern challenges of mental upsets, and their complications, including self-destruction and self-destructive behavior is long delinquent. These attempts should also take for the decriminalization of self-destructive behaviors in our Torahs.These stairss depart be meaningless, if our wellness records and describing systems are non meliorate to include mortality place and the affidavit of the causes of deceases. This should assist in find out the self-destruction grade in the state, and make out a chopine for reclaimable planning and the operation of suicide bar schemes. rivet search in this country should be promoted, curiously with regard to placing hazard factors, get b ying mechanisms, protective factors and attainable intercessions to play down the calamity of self-destruction and self-destructive behavior in this environmentDecisionIn this work, the writers have present that self-destruction and suicidal behavior are a state-supported wellness issue, solely like in other states of the universe. standardised in other parts of the increase universe merely a venial batch of explore has been conducted on the effect in Nigeria, reflecting the deficiency of social function of clinicians, question workers, policy shapers and, possibly, research duty assignment suppliers on the topic. For break up self-destruction research which should come after in better bar schemes, it is imperative form that self-destruction be decriminalized. heathenish and ghostly factors forbid people from describing and stigmatising self-destruction should besides be address through unrestricted wisdom runs. An advance in the mortality records, that beside s specifies the causes of decease should be ensured at all degrees of attention. It susceptibility besides be subservient if the WHO could supplement on member states to roll up up and supply yearly self-destruction rates in their legal powers. Finally, self-destruction is a public wellness job that requires a multidisciplinary attempt at question, bar and direction. The earlier this is cognize in the Nigerian context, the better for our appear mental wellness attention..